Gocłowska Małgorzata A, Aldhobaiban Nawal, Elliot Andrew J, Murayama Kou, Kobeisy Ahmed, Abdelaziz Ashraf
Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Psychology Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Int J Psychol. 2017 Jun;52(3):180-188. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12206. Epub 2015 Aug 28.
People vary in the extent to which they prefer cooperative, competitive or individualistic achievement tasks. In this research, we conducted two studies designed to investigate correlates and possible roots of these social interdependence orientations, namely approach and avoidance temperament, general self-efficacy, implicit theories of intelligence, and contingencies of self-worth based in others' approval, competition and academic competence. The results indicated that approach temperament, general self-efficacy and incremental theory were positively related, and entity theory was negatively related to cooperative preferences (|r| range from .11 to .41); approach temperament, general self-efficacy, competition contingencies and academic competence contingencies were positively related to competitive preferences (|r| range from .16 to .46); and avoidance temperament, entity theory, competitive contingencies and academic competence contingencies were positively related, and incremental theory was negatively related to individualistic preferences (|r| range from .09 to .15). The findings are discussed with regard to the meaning of each of the three social interdependence orientations, cultural differences among the observed relations and implications for practitioners.
人们在偏好合作、竞争或个人主义成就任务的程度上存在差异。在本研究中，我们进行了两项研究，旨在调查这些社会相互依存取向的相关因素和可能根源，即趋近和回避气质、一般自我效能感、智力的内隐理论以及基于他人认可、竞争和学业能力的自我价值的偶然性。结果表明，趋近气质、一般自我效能感和增长理论呈正相关，实体理论与合作偏好呈负相关（|r|范围从0.11到0.41）；趋近气质、一般自我效能感、竞争偶然性和学业能力偶然性与竞争偏好呈正相关（|r|范围从0.16到0.46）；回避气质、实体理论、竞争偶然性和学业能力偶然性呈正相关，增长理论与个人主义偏好呈负相关（|r|范围从0.09到0.15）。我们从三种社会相互依存取向各自的意义、观察到的关系中的文化差异以及对从业者的影响等方面对研究结果进行了讨论。
