Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1; email:
Renison University College, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1; email:
Annu Rev Psychol. 2016;67:415-37. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235. Epub 2015 Sep 10.
When members of a stigmatized group find themselves in a situation where negative stereotypes provide a possible framework for interpreting their behavior, the risk of being judged in light of those stereotypes can elicit a disruptive state that undermines performance and aspirations in that domain. This situational predicament, termed stereotype threat, continues to be an intensely debated and researched topic in educational, social, and organizational psychology. In this review, we explore the various sources of stereotype threat, the mechanisms underlying stereotype-threat effects (both mediators and moderators), and the consequences of this situational predicament, as well as the means through which society and stigmatized individuals can overcome the insidious effects of stereotype threat. Ultimately, we hope this review alleviates some of the confusion surrounding stereotype threat while also sparking further research and debate.
当一个受污名化的群体的成员发现自己处于一种情境中，其中负面的刻板印象为解释他们的行为提供了一个可能的框架时，根据这些刻板印象进行评判的风险可能会引发一种破坏性能量，从而削弱他们在该领域的表现和抱负。这种情境困境被称为刻板印象威胁，它在教育、社会和组织心理学领域仍然是一个激烈争论和研究的话题。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了刻板印象威胁的各种来源、刻板印象威胁效应的潜在机制（包括中介和调节因素），以及这种情境困境的后果，以及社会和受污名化的个体克服刻板印象威胁的阴险影响的方法。最终，我们希望这篇综述能消除围绕刻板印象威胁的一些困惑，同时也能激发更多的研究和辩论。
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