Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Depress Anxiety. 2016 Jan;33(1):75-83. doi: 10.1002/da.22422. Epub 2015 Sep 14.
The chronotype, being a morning or an evening type, can influence an individual's psychological health. Studies have shown a link between depressed mood and being an evening type; however, most studies have used symptom scales and not diagnostic criteria, and confounding factors such as sleep patterns and somatic health factors have often not been considered. This study aims to examine the association between chronotype and depressive (major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia) and anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and social phobia) disorders diagnosed using clinical interviews, while taking into account relevant sociodemographic, clinical, somatic health, and sleep parameters.
Data from a large cohort, the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were used (n = 1,944), which included 676 currently depressed and/or anxious patients, 831 remitted patients, and 437 healthy controls. Chronotype was assessed using the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire.
Our results showed that current depressive and/or anxiety disorders were associated with a late chronotype (β = .10, P = .004) even when adjusting for sociodemographic, somatic health, and sleep-related factors (β = .09, P = .03). When examining each type of disorder separately, MDD only, but not dysthymia or specific anxiety disorders, was associated with the late chronotype. The late chronotype also reported significant diurnal mood variation (worse mood in the morning).
Our findings show a clear association between MDD and late chronotype (being an evening type), after controlling for a range of pertinent factors. A late chronotype is therefore associated with a current status of MDD and deserves the relevant clinical attention when considering treatments.
时型，即晨型或晚型，可能会影响个体的心理健康。研究表明，抑郁情绪与晚型有关；然而，大多数研究使用的是症状量表，而不是诊断标准，而且通常没有考虑到睡眠模式和躯体健康因素等混杂因素。本研究旨在通过临床访谈来检查时型与抑郁（重性抑郁障碍（MDD）、心境恶劣障碍）和焦虑（广泛性焦虑障碍、惊恐障碍、广场恐怖症和社交恐怖症）障碍之间的关联，同时考虑到相关的社会人口学、临床、躯体健康和睡眠参数。
本研究使用了一个大型队列的荷兰抑郁和焦虑研究的数据（n = 1944），其中包括 676 名当前抑郁和/或焦虑的患者、831 名缓解期患者和 437 名健康对照者。时型使用慕尼黑时型问卷进行评估。
我们的结果表明，当前的抑郁和/或焦虑障碍与晚型时型（β =.10，P =.004）相关，即使在调整了社会人口学、躯体健康和睡眠相关因素后也是如此（β =.09，P =.03）。当分别检查每种类型的障碍时，只有 MDD，而不是心境恶劣障碍或特定的焦虑障碍，与晚型时型相关。晚型时型的人还报告了明显的日间情绪变化（早晨情绪更差）。
我们的研究结果表明，在控制了一系列相关因素后，MDD 与晚型时型（即晚型）之间存在明显的关联。因此，晚型时型与当前 MDD 状态相关，在考虑治疗时应引起相关临床关注。
