Emerging agents for the therapy of advanced prostate cancer.

Since 2010, multiple advances have been made in the field of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer including regulatory approvals for five new agents including androgen pathway inhibitors (enzalutamide, abiraterone acetate), immunotherapy (sipuleucel-T), cytotoxic chemotherapy (cabazitaxel) and radiopharmaceuticals (radium-223) that have improved overall survival in this patient population. Despite these advances, each therapy has only extended median survival by 3-5 months and data suggest substantial cross-resistance among them. Given these modest increments, there is a major role for the vigorous investigation of new drugs and predictive biomarkers to select suitable patients who will benefit from them. This review describes emerging promising agents and their ongoing clinical development.