Interaction of concanavalin A and a divalent derivative with lymphocytes and reconstituted lymphocyte membrane glycoproteins.

Both concanavalin A (con A) and its divalent derivative, succinyl-concanavalin A (S-con A) are mitogenic for porcine lymph node lymphocytes. We have compared the binding of these two lectins to intact porcine lymphocytes and phospholipid vesicles containing reconstituted lymphocyte membrane glycoproteins. Both con A and S-con A showed high- and low-affinity binding to intact cells, as indicated by LIGAND analysis of Scatchard plots of binding data. Despite the apparently identical saccharide specificities of the two lectins, high-affinity binding sites for S-con A were only one-third as numerous as high-affinity sites for the parent lectin. Large numbers of low-affinity binding sites existed for con A, while many fewer were present for S-con A. It is suggested that these sites result from hydrophobic association. Con A bound to lymphocytes in a positively cooperative fashion, while S-con A showed noncooperative behavior. Lectin binding to large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles containing reconstituted lymphocyte membrane glycoproteins was measured using a rapid filtration assay, and was linear with the glycoprotein content of the vesicles. Almost all of the outward-facing glycoprotein was functional in terms of lectin binding. Reconstituted glycoproteins showed only a single class of high-affinity binding sites for both con A and S-con A, with association constants similar to those measured for intact cells. Con A, but not S-con A, showed positively cooperative binding to reconstituted vesicles. Cooperativity was observed in both gel phase and liquid crystalline phase lipid, and was thus not dependent on long-range lateral rearrangement of glycoprotein receptors. Results suggested that con A induces a microredistribution of receptors on the lymphocyte membrane surface, leading to the exposure of glycoproteins that were previously inaccessible to the lectin. S-Con A does not cause glycoprotein redistribution, and a large fraction of the receptors remain cryptic.