University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector -16C, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India.
University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector -16C, Dwarka, New Delhi 110078, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Jan 15;541:535-541. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.076. Epub 2015 Oct 3.
A public health concern is to understand the linkages between specific pollution sources and adverse health impacts. Commuting can be viewed as one of the significant-exposure activity in high-vehicle density areas. This paper investigates the commuter exposure to inhalable, thoracic and alveolic particles in various transportation modes in Delhi, India. Air pollution levels are significantly contributed by automobile exhaust and also in-vehicle exposure can be higher sometime than ambient levels. Motorcycle, auto rickshaw, car and bus were selected to study particles concentration along two routes in Delhi between Kashmere Gate and Dwarka. The bus and auto rickshaw were running on compressed natural gas (CNG) while the car and motorcycle were operated on gasoline fuel. Aerosol spectrometer was employed to measure inhalable, thoracic and alveolic particles during morning and evening rush hours for five weekdays. From the study, we observed that the concentration levels of these particles were greatly influenced by transportation modes. Concentrations of inhalable particles were found higher during morning in auto rickshaw (332.81 ± 90.97 μg/m(3)) while the commuter of bus exhibited higher exposure of thoracic particles (292.23 ± 110.45 μg/m(3)) and car commuters were exposed to maximum concentrations of alveolic particles (222.37 ± 26.56 μg/m(3)). We observed that in evening car commuters experienced maximum concentrations of all sizes of particles among the four commuting modes. Interestingly, motorcycle commuters were exposed to lower levels of inhalable and thoracic particles during morning and evening hours as compared to other modes of transport. The mean values were found greater than the median values for all the modes of transport suggesting that positive skewed distributions are characteristics of naturally occurring phenomenon.
一个公共卫生关注的问题是了解特定污染源与不良健康影响之间的联系。通勤可以被视为高车辆密度地区的一项重要暴露活动。本文研究了印度德里各种交通方式的通勤者对可吸入、胸和肺泡颗粒的暴露情况。空气污染水平主要是由汽车尾气造成的，而且在某些时候，车内暴露水平可能高于环境水平。选择摩托车、人力车、汽车和公共汽车在德里的两条路线上进行研究，路线在 Kashmere Gate 和 Dwarka 之间。公共汽车和人力车使用压缩天然气（CNG），而汽车和摩托车则使用汽油燃料。气溶胶光谱仪用于在五个工作日的早晚高峰时段测量可吸入、胸和肺泡颗粒。从研究中，我们观察到这些颗粒的浓度水平受交通方式的影响很大。可吸入颗粒的浓度在早上人力车（332.81 ± 90.97 μg/m(3)）中较高，而公共汽车的通勤者暴露于较高浓度的胸颗粒（292.23 ± 110.45 μg/m(3)），汽车通勤者暴露于最大浓度的肺泡颗粒（222.37 ± 26.56 μg/m(3)）。我们观察到，在晚上，与其他四种通勤模式相比，汽车通勤者经历了所有粒径的颗粒的最大浓度。有趣的是，与其他交通方式相比，摩托车通勤者在早晚高峰期间暴露于可吸入和胸颗粒的水平较低。所有交通方式的平均值都大于中位数，这表明正偏态分布是自然发生现象的特征。
