Liuti T, Reardon R, Smith S, Dixon P M
Hospital for Small Animals, Diagnostic Imaging, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
Hospital for Large Animals, Surgery Department, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
Equine Vet J. 2016 Nov;48(6):749-755. doi: 10.1111/evj.12516. Epub 2015 Nov 6.
Infection of the dorsal nasal conchal bulla and ventral nasal conchal bulla has recently been shown to cause clinical disease in horses, but the anatomy of these 2 structures is poorly documented.
To describe the anatomical features, dimensions and relationships to adjacent structures of the dorsal conchal bulla and ventra conchal bulla in normal horses using computed tomography (CT).
Descriptive imaging study using cadavers.
Computed tomographic images acquired from 60 equine cadaver heads that were shown to be free of sinonasal disease were categorised into 3 age groups (0-5; 6-15; >16 years old). Linear and volumetric measurements and descriptive anatomical assessments of the dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla were produced from these CT images and the anatomical relationships between the dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla and the adjacent structures, particularly the maxillary cheek teeth, were examined. The associations between bullae dimensions with horse ages and skull dimensions were assessed using linear regression.
Mean (range) dorsal conchal bulla measurements were: length 7.5 cm (4.6-14), width 1.9 cm (1.3-2.5), height 2.8 cm (1.8-4), volume 24 cm (5.9-50.5). Mean ventral conchal bulla measurements were: length 5.7 cm (2.5-8.5), width 1.6 cm (0.7-2.9), height 2.4 cm (0.8-3.7), volume 15 cm (0.4-30). In both dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla, there were significant differences in sizes between the different age groups (smaller in younger animals). In the ventral conchal bulla, this was probably related to protrusion of the large dental alveoli of younger horses into the lateral nasal cavity. Measures of bullae size and volume were significantly associated with head size. The anatomical positions (rostro-caudal boundaries) of the dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla were closely associated with specific maxillary cheek teeth.
Computed tomography was a useful technique to establish the linear and volumetric dimensions of the nasal conchal bullae in normal horses. Both dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla sizes increased with animal age. Relatively consistent anatomical relationships were shown between the rostral and caudal limits of the bullae and certain maxillary cheek teeth, which would be of diagnostic value with conventional radiography and act as landmarks in the surgical treatment of nasal bulla disease.
近期研究表明，马的背侧鼻甲泡和腹侧鼻甲泡感染会引发临床疾病，但这两个结构的解剖学特征记录较少。
使用计算机断层扫描（CT）描述正常马匹背侧鼻甲泡和腹侧鼻甲泡的解剖特征、尺寸及其与相邻结构的关系。
使用尸体进行描述性影像学研究。
从60个无鼻窦疾病的马尸体头部获取的计算机断层扫描图像被分为3个年龄组（0 - 5岁；6 - 15岁；>16岁）。通过这些CT图像对背侧鼻甲泡和腹侧鼻甲泡进行线性和体积测量以及描述性解剖评估，并检查背侧鼻甲泡和腹侧鼻甲泡与相邻结构（特别是上颌颊齿）之间的解剖关系。使用线性回归评估鼻甲泡尺寸与马年龄和头骨尺寸之间的关联。
背侧鼻甲泡的平均（范围）测量值为：长度7.5厘米（4.6 - 14厘米），宽度1.9厘米（1.3 - 2.5厘米），高度2.8厘米（1.8 - 4厘米），体积24立方厘米（5.9 - 50.5立方厘米）。腹侧鼻甲泡的平均测量值为：长度5.7厘米（2.5 - 8.5厘米），宽度1.6厘米（0.7 - 2.9厘米），高度2.4厘米（0.8 - 3.7厘米），体积15立方厘米（0.4 - 30立方厘米）。在背侧鼻甲泡和腹侧鼻甲泡中，不同年龄组之间的大小存在显著差异（年幼动物较小）。在腹侧鼻甲泡中，这可能与年幼马匹较大的牙槽突向外侧鼻腔突出有关。鼻甲泡大小和体积的测量值与头部大小显著相关。背侧鼻甲泡和腹侧鼻甲泡的解剖位置（前后边界）与特定的上颌颊齿密切相关。
计算机断层扫描是确定正常马匹鼻甲泡线性和体积尺寸的有用技术。背侧鼻甲泡和腹侧鼻甲泡的大小均随动物年龄增加。鼻甲泡的前后界限与某些上颌颊齿之间呈现出相对一致的解剖关系，这在传统放射摄影中具有诊断价值，并可作为鼻甲疾病手术治疗的标志。
