Shrikhande Avinash N, Nema P, Mhaisalkar Vasant A
J Environ Sci Eng. 2014 Jan;56(1):93-104.
Discharge of untreated wastewater or partially treated wastewater into surface water bodies or on to land is a major cause of surface and ground water pollution thereby posing health hazards. Conventional wastewater treatment is generally not preferred for small communities due to higher capital and maintenance costs and lack of skilled supervision required for operation and maintenance. A constructed wetland treatment appears to be an appropriate alternative that can be employed both in developed and developing countries. A constructed wetland system is simple to construct and operate with low cost, and hence worth considering for the treatment of municipal wastewaters, especially from small communities. In this context, the site for carrying out the studies related to wastewater treatment was chosen at Kavikulguru Institute of Technology and Science (KITS), Ramtek, Dist. Nagpur. A Free Water Surface Constructed Wetland (FWSCW) of size 22.00m x 6.50 m x 0.60m was constructed at KITS, Ramtek. The performance of FWS CW system was studied for domestic wastewater treatment with theoretical hydraulic retention times of 10 days, 7 days and 5 days. Important parameters, such as BOD5, COD, TSS, NH4-N, PO4-P, DO, pH and faecal coliforms in both raw and treated wastewaters were monitored during a macrophytes life cycle. Based on the studies, it is concluded that minimum 5 days HRT is necessary for the treatment of wastewater in FWSCW using Typhalatifolia or Canna Lilies. Typhalatifolia is better in removal of pollutants from the wastewater in comparison to Canna Lilies and hence, is recommended for use in constructed wetland. The nutrient uptake capacity of Typhalatifolia is also quite encouraging and hence has great potential for application in treating wastewater from fertilizer industry. During the application of kinetic model, the observed and predicted values in respect of BOD, TSS and NH4-N in case of Typhalatifolia and BOD, COD and TSS in case of Canna Lilies were found in good agreement corroborating the best fit mathematical model presented. The batch type constructed wetland system is an appropriate system for low and intermittent flow conditions.
向地表水体或土地排放未经处理或部分处理的废水是地表水和地下水污染的主要原因，从而构成健康危害。由于资本和维护成本较高，以及运营和维护所需的熟练监督人员短缺，传统的废水处理方法通常不适合小型社区。人工湿地处理似乎是一种合适的替代方案，在发达国家和发展中国家都可以采用。人工湿地系统建造和运行简单，成本低，因此值得考虑用于处理城市废水，特别是来自小型社区的废水。在此背景下，开展废水处理相关研究的地点选在了那格浦尔地区拉姆特克的卡维库尔古鲁理工学院（KITS）。在拉姆特克的KITS建造了一个尺寸为22.00米×6.50米×0.60米的自由水面人工湿地（FWSCW）。研究了FWS CW系统处理生活污水的性能，理论水力停留时间分别为10天、7天和5天。在大型植物的生命周期内，监测了原废水和处理后废水中的重要参数，如五日生化需氧量（BOD5）、化学需氧量（COD）、总悬浮物（TSS）、氨氮（NH4-N）、磷酸根磷（PO4-P）、溶解氧（DO）、pH值和粪大肠菌群。基于这些研究得出结论，使用香蒲或美人蕉处理FWSCW中的废水，水力停留时间至少需要5天。与美人蕉相比，香蒲在去除废水中污染物方面表现更好，因此推荐用于人工湿地。香蒲的养分吸收能力也相当可观，因此在处理化肥行业废水方面具有很大的应用潜力。在应用动力学模型过程中，发现香蒲情况下的BOD、TSS和NH4-N以及美人蕉情况下的BOD、COD和TSS的观测值和预测值吻合良好，证实了所提出的最佳拟合数学模型。间歇式人工湿地系统适用于低流量和间歇性流量条件。
