Hoddle M S, Hoddle C D, Faleiro J R, El-Shafie H A F, Jeske D R, Sallam A A
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521. Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521.
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521.
J Econ Entomol. 2015 Dec;108(6):2599-609. doi: 10.1093/jee/tov240. Epub 2015 Aug 9.
Adult Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) captured in pheromone-baited traps in commercial date palm orchards in the Al Ahsaa Directorate, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were used in computerized flight mill studies to determine the flight characteristics of this highly invasive and destructive palm pest. Flight mill studies were run at three different time periods, winter (December), spring (March), and summer (May). Of the 192 weevils tethered to flight mills ∼30% failed to fly > 1 km. Of those weevils flying > 1 km (n = 139), 55% flew > 10 km, and of these flyers 5% flew > 50 km in 24 h. Flying weevils exhibited an average weight loss of 20-30% and nonflying control weevils lost ∼9-13% body weight in 24 h. Male and female weevils flying in summer (average laboratory temperature was ∼27°C) flew the longest average distances (∼25-35 km), exhibited highest weight reductions (∼30%), and greatest mortality rates (∼80%). Consequently, time of year not weevil sex or color morph had a consistent and significant effect on flight activity, weight loss, and survivorship rates. Flight activity was predominantly diurnal commencing around 5:00 a.m. and peaking between 9-11:00 a.m. before tapering off. The distribution of flight distances combined across season and sex was mesokurtic (i.e., normally distributed).
在沙特阿拉伯王国阿哈萨省商业枣椰园的信息素诱捕器中捕获的成年锈色棕榈象（Olivier），被用于计算机化飞行磨研究，以确定这种极具入侵性和破坏性的棕榈害虫的飞行特性。飞行磨研究在三个不同时间段进行，冬季（12月）、春季（3月）和夏季（5月）。在拴在飞行磨上的192只象鼻虫中，约30%未能飞行超过1公里。在那些飞行超过1公里的象鼻虫（n = 139）中，55%飞行超过10公里，而在这些飞行者中，5%在24小时内飞行超过50公里。飞行的象鼻虫平均体重减轻20 - 30%，未飞行的对照象鼻虫在24小时内体重减轻约9 - 13%。夏季飞行的雄性和雌性象鼻虫（实验室平均温度约为27°C）飞行的平均距离最长（约25 - 35公里），体重减轻最多（约30%），死亡率最高（约80%）。因此，一年中的时间而非象鼻虫的性别或颜色形态对飞行活动、体重减轻和存活率有一致且显著的影响。飞行活动主要在白天，大约从凌晨5点开始，在上午9 - 11点达到峰值，然后逐渐减少。跨季节和性别的飞行距离分布呈中峰态（即正态分布）。
