Bittle J L, Muir S
Johnson and Johnson Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California.
Adv Vet Sci Comp Med. 1989;33:1-63. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6.
This chapter reviews the development of some of vaccines and their use in controlling such major diseases as diphtheria, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, smallpox, pertussis, yellow fever, rabies, etc. Park–Williams Number 8 (PW8) strain is used to make diphtherial toxoid for vaccines. As a source of toxin, it is rendered nontoxic by incubation with formalin under alkaline conditions. The product's retention of antigenicity, enabling it to induce antitoxin antibodies, makes it an excellent pediatric vaccine. Vaccine against Rinderpest Virus was developed by Koch in 1897 by administering bile from infected cattle. Animals that survived were permanently immune. Formalin- and chloroform-inactivated vaccines were developed using tissues from the infected animals. For the control of Newcastle disease, a number of attenuated live-virus vaccines have been developed which are widely used to control the disease. The Bl strain, the LaSota strain, and the F strain are used to immunize birds of all ages by different routes, including by addition to drinking water and by spraying. Protection against rabies correlates with SN antibody, which can be assessed by a number of tests. Pasteur's classical vaccine, developed from infected spinal cord tissue dried at room temperature for 3–14 days, was given in a series of 21–28 inoculations beginning with material dried the longest and progressing through material dried for only 3 days.
本章回顾了一些疫苗的发展历程及其在控制诸如白喉、牛瘟、新城疫、天花、百日咳、黄热病、狂犬病等重大疾病方面的应用。帕克-威廉姆斯8号（PW8）菌株用于生产疫苗用的白喉类毒素。作为毒素来源，在碱性条件下与福尔马林孵育可使其无毒。该产品保留了抗原性，能够诱导抗毒素抗体，使其成为一种出色的儿科疫苗。1897年，科赫通过给牛注射感染牛的胆汁研制出了牛瘟病毒疫苗。存活下来的动物获得了永久免疫力。使用感染动物的组织研制出了福尔马林和氯仿灭活疫苗。为了控制新城疫，已研制出多种减毒活病毒疫苗，这些疫苗被广泛用于控制该疾病。B1株、LaSota株和F株通过不同途径用于免疫各年龄段的禽类，包括添加到饮用水中和喷雾接种。对狂犬病的防护与血清中和（SN）抗体相关，可通过多种检测方法进行评估。巴斯德经典疫苗由在室温下干燥3至14天的感染脊髓组织制成，从干燥时间最长的材料开始，以一系列21至28次接种的方式给药，接种材料的干燥时间逐渐缩短至仅3天。
