Stenroth Lauri, Cronin Neil J, Peltonen Jussi, Korhonen Marko T, Sipilä Sarianna, Finni Taija
Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; and.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016 Jan 1;120(1):63-9. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00511.2015. Epub 2015 Oct 22.
Previous studies have shown that aging is associated with alterations in muscle architecture and tendon properties (Morse CI, Thom JM, Birch KM, Narici MV. Acta Physiol Scand 183: 291-298, 2005; Narici MV, Maganaris CN, Reeves ND, Capodaglio P. J Appl Physiol 95: 2229-2234, 2003; Stenroth L, Peltonen J, Cronin NJ, Sipila S, Finni T. J Appl Physiol 113: 1537-1544, 2012). However, the possible influence of different types of regular exercise loading on muscle architecture and tendon properties in older adults is poorly understood. To address this, triceps surae muscle-tendon properties were examined in older male endurance (OE, n = 10, age = 74.0 ± 2.8 yr) and sprint runners (OS, n = 10, age = 74.4 ± 2.8 yr), with an average of 42 yr of regular training experience, and compared with age-matched [older control (OC), n = 33, age = 74.8 ± 3.6 yr] and young untrained controls (YC, n = 18, age = 23.7 ± 2.0 yr). Compared with YC, Achilles tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) was 22% (P = 0.022), 45% (P = 0.001), and 71% (P < 0.001) larger in OC, OE, and OS, respectively. Among older groups, OS had significantly larger tendon CSA compared with OC (P = 0.033). No significant between-group differences were observed in Achilles tendon stiffness. In older groups, Young's modulus was 31-44%, and maximal tendon stress 44-55% lower, than in YC (P ≤ 0.001). OE showed shorter soleus fascicle length than both OC (P < 0.05) and YC (P < 0.05). These data suggest that long-term running does not counteract the previously reported age-related increase in tendon CSA, but, instead, may have an additive effect. The greatest Achilles tendon CSA was observed in OS followed by OE and OC, suggesting that adaptation to running exercise is loading intensity dependent. Achilles tendon stiffness was maintained in older groups, even though all older groups displayed larger tendon CSA and lower tendon Young's modulus. Shorter soleus muscle fascicles in OE runners may be an adaptation to life-long endurance running.
以往研究表明，衰老与肌肉结构和肌腱特性的改变有关（莫尔斯CI、汤姆JM、伯奇KM、纳里西MV。《生理学杂志》183:291 - 298，2005年；纳里西MV、马加纳里斯CN、里夫斯ND、卡波达廖P。《应用生理学杂志》95:2229 - 2234，2003年；斯滕罗斯L、佩尔托宁J、克罗宁NJ、西皮拉S、芬尼T。《应用生理学杂志》113:1537 - 1544，2012年）。然而，不同类型的规律运动负荷对老年人肌肉结构和肌腱特性可能产生的影响却知之甚少。为了探究这一问题，我们对老年男性耐力跑者（OE组，n = 10，年龄 = 74.0 ± 2.8岁）和短跑运动员（OS组，n = 10，年龄 = 74.4 ± 2.8岁）的小腿三头肌肌腱特性进行了检测，他们平均有42年的规律训练经验，并与年龄匹配的老年对照组（OC组，n = 33，年龄 = 74.8 ± 3.6岁）和年轻未训练对照组（YC组，n = 18，年龄 = 23.7 ± 2.0岁）进行比较。与YC组相比，OC组、OE组和OS组的跟腱横截面积（CSA）分别大22%（P = 0.022）、45%（P = 0.001）和71%（P < 0.001）。在老年组中，OS组的肌腱CSA显著大于OC组（P = 0.033）。各年龄组之间跟腱刚度未观察到显著差异。在老年组中，杨氏模量比YC组低31 - 44%，最大肌腱应力比YC组低44 - 55%（P ≤ 0.001）。OE组比目鱼肌肌束长度比OC组（P < 0.05）和YC组（P < 0.05）都短。这些数据表明，长期跑步并不能抵消先前报道的与年龄相关的肌腱CSA增加，反而可能有累加效应。观察到OS组的跟腱CSA最大，其次是OE组和OC组，这表明对跑步运动的适应取决于负荷强度。尽管所有老年组的肌腱CSA都更大且肌腱杨氏模量更低，但老年组的跟腱刚度仍得以维持。OE组跑步者比目鱼肌肌束较短可能是对终身耐力跑的一种适应。
