Conrad M
Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202.
Biosystems. 1989;22(3):197-213. doi: 10.1016/0303-2647(89)90061-0.
The comparative study of information processing in brains and machines leads to a picture in which disanalogies are more fundamental than analogies. The major dichotomy is between evolvability and programmability. Brain models, to be tenable, must pass an extended Turing test in which the capacity to self organize through the Darwinian mechanism of variation and selection is a key element. Programmable machines that simulate the type of structure-function relations that allow evolution to occur are, however, too inefficient in their use of resources for problem solving to support cognitive abilities comparable to those of biological organisms. Furthermore, real evolutionary systems are open in that it is always possible for them to tap previously unexploited physical interactions for computing. Nevertheless, computer simulation provides a powerful tool for studying brain function; and non-programmable designs that exploit the high efficiency, high adaptability domain of computing are in principle possible.
非类比比类比更为根本。主要的二分法存在于可进化性和可编程性之间。要想站得住脚，大脑模型必须通过一项扩展的图灵测试，其中通过变异和选择的达尔文机制进行自组织的能力是一个关键要素。然而，模拟允许进化发生的结构 - 功能关系类型的可编程机器，在解决问题时资源利用效率太低，无法支持与生物有机体相当的认知能力。此外，真正的进化系统是开放的，因为它们总是有可能利用以前未被开发的物理相互作用来进行计算。尽管如此，计算机模拟为研究大脑功能提供了一个强大的工具；并且利用计算的高效率、高适应性领域的非可编程设计在原则上是可行的。
