Kristina Susi Ari, Endarti Dwi, Prabandari Yayi Suryo, Ahsan Abdillah, Thavorncharoensap Montarat
Management and Community Pharmacy Division, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia E-mail :
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(16):6903-8. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.6903.
As smoking is the leading preventable cause of multiple diseases and premature cancer deaths, estimating the burden of cancer attributable to smoking has become the standard in documenting the adverse impact of smoking. In Indonesia, there is a dearth of studies assessing the economic costs of cancers related to smoking. This study aimed to estimate indirect mortality costs of premature cancer deaths and years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to smoking among the Indonesian population.
A prevalence based method was employed. Using national data, we estimated smoking-attributable cancer mortality in 2013. Premature mortality costs and YPLL were estimated by calculating number of cancer deaths, life expectancy, annual income, and workforce participation rate. A human capital approach was used to calculate the present value of lifetime earnings (PVLE). A discount rate of 3% was applied.
The study estimated that smoking attributable cancer mortality was 74,440 (30.6% of total cancer deaths), comprised of 95% deaths in men and 5% in women. Cancers attributed to smoking were responsible for 1,207,845 YPLL. Cancer mortality costs caused by smoking accounted for USD 1,309 million in 2013. Among all cancers, lung cancer is the leading cause of death and economic burden.
Cancers related to smoking pose an enormous economic burden in Indonesia. Therefore, tobacco control efforts need to be prioritized in order to prevent more losses to the nation. The data of this study are important for advocating national tobacco control policy.
由于吸烟是多种疾病和过早癌症死亡的主要可预防原因，估计吸烟所致癌症负担已成为记录吸烟不良影响的标准做法。在印度尼西亚，缺乏评估与吸烟相关癌症经济成本的研究。本研究旨在估计印度尼西亚人群中吸烟所致过早癌症死亡的间接死亡成本和潜在寿命损失年数（YPLL）。
采用基于患病率的方法。利用国家数据，我们估计了2013年吸烟所致癌症死亡率。通过计算癌症死亡人数、预期寿命、年收入和劳动力参与率来估计过早死亡成本和YPLL。采用人力资本法计算终身收入现值（PVLE）。应用3%的贴现率。
该研究估计，吸烟所致癌症死亡率为74440例（占癌症死亡总数的30.6%），其中男性死亡占95%，女性死亡占5%。吸烟所致癌症导致1207845个YPLL。2013年吸烟所致癌症死亡成本达13.09亿美元。在所有癌症中，肺癌是主要死因和经济负担来源。
与吸烟相关的癌症在印度尼西亚造成了巨大的经济负担。因此，需要优先开展控烟工作，以防止国家遭受更多损失。本研究数据对于倡导国家控烟政策具有重要意义。
