Conte Federica, Oti Martin, Dixon Jill, Carels Carine E L, Rubini Michele, Zhou Huiqing
Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Medical Genetic Unit, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Hum Genet. 2016 Jan;135(1):41-59. doi: 10.1007/s00439-015-1606-x. Epub 2015 Nov 11.
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) represent a large fraction of human birth defects and are one of the most common phenotypes affected by large copy number variants (CNVs). Due to the limited number of CNV patients in individual centers, CNV analyses of a large number of OFC patients are challenging. The present study analyzed 249 genomic deletions and 226 duplications from a cohort of 312 OFC patients reported in two publicly accessible databases of chromosome imbalance and phenotype in humans, DECIPHER and ECARUCA. Genomic regions deleted or duplicated in multiple patients were identified, and genes in these overlapping CNVs were prioritized based on the number of genes encompassed by the region and gene expression in embryonic mouse palate. Our analyses of these overlapping CNVs identified two genes known to be causative for human OFCs, SATB2 and MEIS2, and 12 genes (DGCR6, FGF2, FRZB, LETM1, MAPK3, SPRY1, THBS1, TSHZ1, TTC28, TULP4, WHSC1, WHSC2) that are associated with OFC or orofacial development. Additionally, we report 34 deleted and 24 duplicated genes that have not previously been associated with OFCs but are associated with the BMP, MAPK and RAC1 pathways. Statistical analyses show that the high number of overlapping CNVs is not due to random occurrence. The identified genes are not located in highly variable genomic regions in healthy populations and are significantly enriched for genes that are involved in orofacial development. In summary, we report a CNV analysis pipeline of a large cohort of OFC patients and identify novel candidate OFC genes.
口面部裂隙(OFCs)占人类出生缺陷的很大一部分,是受大拷贝数变异(CNVs)影响的最常见表型之一。由于各个中心的CNV患者数量有限,对大量OFC患者进行CNV分析具有挑战性。本研究分析了来自人类染色体失衡与表型的两个公开数据库DECIPHER和ECARUCA中报告的312例OFC患者队列中的249个基因组缺失和226个重复。确定了在多个患者中缺失或重复的基因组区域,并根据该区域包含的基因数量和胚胎小鼠腭中的基因表达,对这些重叠CNV中的基因进行了优先级排序。我们对这些重叠CNV的分析确定了两个已知导致人类OFC的基因,SATB2和MEIS2,以及12个与OFC或口面部发育相关的基因(DGCR6、FGF2、FRZB、LETM1、MAPK3、SPRY1、THBS1、TSHZ1、TTC28、TULP4、WHSC1、WHSC2)。此外,我们报告了34个缺失基因和24个重复基因,这些基因以前未与OFC相关,但与BMP、MAPK和RAC1途径相关。统计分析表明,大量重叠CNV并非随机出现。所确定的基因并不位于健康人群中高度可变的基因组区域,并且在参与口面部发育的基因中显著富集。总之,我们报告了一个对大量OFC患者队列的CNV分析流程,并确定了新的OFC候选基因。
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