Miller S J
Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989 Jul;21(1):1-30. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70144-4.
Cutaneous changes occur in deficiency states of many nutritional elements: ascorbic acid, retinol, protein-energy, cyanocobalamin, phytonadione (vitamin K), biotin, ribroflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, essential fatty acids, and zinc. There are also inherited disorders of copper, biotin, zinc, and tryptophan metabolism. Cutaneous vitamin D synthesis is inhibited by sunscreen use. The striking skin changes of the glucagonoma syndrome may be related to nutritional pathways.
如抗坏血酸、视黄醇、蛋白质-能量、钴胺素、叶绿醌（维生素K）、生物素、核黄素、吡哆醇、烟酸、必需脂肪酸和锌。铜、生物素、锌和色氨酸代谢也存在遗传性疾病。使用防晒霜会抑制皮肤维生素D的合成。胰高血糖素瘤综合征显著的皮肤变化可能与营养途径有关。
