Cleary Hayley M D, Warner Todd C
L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs, Virginia Commonwealth University.
Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice.
Law Hum Behav. 2016 Jun;40(3):270-84. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000175. Epub 2015 Dec 14.
Despite empirical progress in documenting and classifying various interrogation techniques, very little is known about how police are trained in interrogation methods, how frequently they use various techniques, and whether they employ techniques differentially with adult versus juvenile suspects. This study reports the nature and extent of formal (e.g., Reid Technique, PEACE, HUMINT) and informal interrogation training as well as self-reported technique usage in a diverse national sample (N = 340) of experienced American police officers. Officers were trained in a variety of different techniques ranging from comparatively benign pre-interrogation strategies (e.g., building rapport, observing body language or speech patterns) to more psychologically coercive techniques (e.g., blaming the victim, discouraging denials). Over half the sample reported being trained to use psychologically coercive techniques with both adults and juveniles. The majority (91%) receive informal, "on the job" interrogation training. Technique usage patterns indicate a spectrum of psychological intensity where information-gathering approaches were used most frequently and high-pressure tactics less frequently. Reid-trained officers (56%) were significantly more likely than officers without Reid training to use pre-interrogation and manipulation techniques. Across all analyses and techniques, usage patterns were identical for adult and juvenile suspects, suggesting that police interrogate youth in the same manner as adults. Overall, results suggest that training in specific interrogation methods is strongly associated with usage. Findings underscore the need for more law enforcement interrogation training in general, especially with juvenile suspects, and highlight the value of training as an avenue for reducing interrogation-induced miscarriages of justice. (PsycINFO Database Record
尽管在记录和分类各种审讯技术方面取得了实证进展,但对于警察如何接受审讯方法培训、他们使用各种技术的频率,以及他们在对待成年嫌疑人和青少年嫌疑人时是否区别使用技术,我们知之甚少。本研究报告了美国经验丰富的警察的一个多样化全国样本(N = 340)中正式(如里德技术、和平讯问法、人力情报收集)和非正式审讯培训的性质和程度,以及自我报告的技术使用情况。警察接受了从相对温和的审讯前策略(如建立融洽关系、观察肢体语言或言语模式)到更具心理强制性的技术(如指责受害者、阻止否认)等各种不同技术的培训。超过一半的样本报告称接受过对成年人和青少年都使用心理强制技术的培训。大多数(91%)接受非正式的“在职”审讯培训。技术使用模式表明存在一系列心理强度,其中信息收集方法使用最频繁,高压策略使用较少。接受里德培训的警察(56%)比未接受里德培训的警察更有可能使用审讯前和操纵技术。在所有分析和技术中,成年嫌疑人和青少年嫌疑人的使用模式相同,这表明警察对待青少年的审讯方式与成年人相同。总体而言,结果表明特定审讯方法的培训与使用密切相关。研究结果强调了一般而言需要更多执法审讯培训,尤其是针对青少年嫌疑人的培训,并突出了培训作为减少审讯导致的司法误判途径的价值。(PsycINFO数据库记录)