Penney C G
Mem Cognit. 1989 Jul;17(4):398-422. doi: 10.3758/bf03202613.
The effects of auditory and visual presentation upon short-term retention of verbal stimuli are reviewed, and a model of the structure of short-term memory is presented. The main assumption of the model is that verbal information presented to the auditory and visual modalities is processed in separate streams that have different properties and capabilities. Auditory items are automatically encoded in both the A (acoustic) code, which, in the absence of subsequent input, can be maintained for some time without deliberate allocation of attention, and a P (phonological) code. Visual items are retained in both the P code and a visual code. Within the auditory stream, successive items are strongly associated; in contrast, in the visual modality, it is simultaneously presented items that are strongly associated. These assumptions about the structure of short-term verbal memory are shown to account for many of the observed effect of presentation modality.
本文回顾了听觉和视觉呈现方式对言语刺激短期记忆的影响，并提出了一个短期记忆结构模型。该模型的主要假设是，呈现给听觉和视觉通道的言语信息在具有不同特性和能力的独立信息流中进行处理。听觉项目会自动编码为A（声学）代码和P（语音）代码，在没有后续输入的情况下，A代码可以在无需刻意分配注意力的情况下维持一段时间。视觉项目则保留在P代码和视觉代码中。在听觉流中，连续的项目之间有很强的关联；相比之下，在视觉通道中，同时呈现的项目之间有很强的关联。这些关于短期言语记忆结构的假设被证明可以解释许多观察到的呈现方式的影响。
