Frazzoli Chiara, Bocca Beatrice, Mantovani Alberto
a External Relations Office , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy.
b Bioelements and Health Unit, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy.
J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2015;18(7-8):344-70. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2015.1085473.
Health risks in both animals and humans are associated with chronic exposures to levels of trace elements (TE) eliciting toxic and/or antinutritional effects, including excess exposures to some essential elements. Interferences with essential TE may also lead to secondary nutritional deficiencies and/or imbalances. Although research is still required, biomarkers of exposure, including bioavailability, for TE are established tools for human biomonitoring that can also be applied to animal surveillance. Biomarkers of effect as well as, where available, of susceptibility and bioavailability are necessary to understand whether an ongoing exposure may pose a current or future health concern. In the field of animal health the use of biomarkers is less developed and less widespread than in human health; however, under a One Health perspective, animal biomonitoring can provide important information on the interfaces among humans, animals, and the environment, supporting the prevention and management of health risks. Therefore, a transfer of knowledge from human biomonitoring to farm or free-ranging animals is critical in a risk assessment framework from farm to humans. Advantages and critical aspects in designing and conducting integrative biomonitoring activities in humans and animals were critically reviewed focusing on biomarkers of exposure, effect, susceptibility, and bioavailability for toxic and essential TE. Highlighted aspects include TE metabolism, bioaccessibility, and interactions. Farm or free-ranging animals may provide noninvasive matrices suitable for evaluating animal welfare, environmental stressors, food safety, and potential risks for human health, as proposed by the interdisciplinary concept of One Health.
动物和人类的健康风险都与长期接触会引发毒性和/或抗营养作用的微量元素（TE）水平有关，包括过量接触一些必需元素。对必需TE的干扰也可能导致继发性营养缺乏和/或失衡。尽管仍需开展研究，但TE的暴露生物标志物，包括生物利用度，是用于人类生物监测的既定工具，也可应用于动物监测。效应生物标志物以及（如可获得）易感性和生物利用度生物标志物对于了解持续暴露是否可能构成当前或未来的健康问题是必要的。在动物健康领域，生物标志物的使用比人类健康领域发展得更少且应用更不广泛；然而，从“同一健康”的角度来看，动物生物监测可以提供有关人类、动物和环境之间界面的重要信息，支持健康风险的预防和管理。因此，在从农场到人类的风险评估框架中，将人类生物监测知识转移到农场动物或自由放养动物身上至关重要。本文对设计和开展人类和动物综合生物监测活动中的优势和关键方面进行了批判性综述，重点关注有毒和必需TE 的暴露、效应、易感性和生物利用度生物标志物。突出的方面包括TE代谢、生物可及性和相互作用。农场动物或自由放养动物可能提供适合评估动物福利、环境应激源、食品安全和人类健康潜在风险的非侵入性基质，这是“同一健康”跨学科概念所提出的。
