Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Public Health. 2016 Feb;131:103-11. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.11.006. Epub 2015 Dec 21.
Information about the quality of drinking water, together with analysis of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) analysis and health risk assessment (HRA) remain limited. The aims of this study were: (1) to ascertain the level of KAP regarding heavy metal contamination of drinking water in Pasir Mas; (2) to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd) in drinking water in Pasir Mas; and (3) to estimate the health risks (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) caused by heavy metal exposure through drinking water using hazard quotient and lifetime cancer risk.
Information on KAP was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Heavy metal analysis of drinking water samples was performed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
The population of Pasir Mas has good knowledge (80%), a less positive attitude (93%) and good practice (81%) towards heavy metal contamination of drinking water. The concentrations of heavy metals analysed in this study were found to be below the permissible limits for drinking water set by the Malaysian Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization. The HRA showed no potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from the intake of heavy metal through drinking water.
By investigating the quality of drinking water, KAP and HRA, the results of this study will provide authorities with the knowledge and resources to improve the management of drinking water quality in the future.
关于饮用水质量的信息，以及知识、态度和实践（KAP）分析和健康风险评估（HRA）的分析仍然有限。本研究的目的是：（1）确定帕西·马什地区居民对饮用水重金属污染的 KAP 水平；（2）确定帕西·马什地区饮用水中重金属（Al、Cr、Cu、Fe、Ni、Pb、Zn 和 Cd）的浓度；（3）通过使用危害商和终身癌症风险评估，估计通过饮用水暴露于重金属所造成的健康风险（非致癌和致癌）。
使用标准化问卷收集 KAP 信息。使用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法对饮用水样本进行重金属分析。
帕西·马什地区的居民对饮用水重金属污染有很好的了解（80%）、不太积极的态度（93%）和良好的实践（81%）。本研究分析的重金属浓度均低于马来西亚卫生部和世界卫生组织规定的饮用水允许限值。HRA 显示，通过饮用水摄入重金属不会产生潜在的非致癌和致癌风险。
通过调查饮用水质量、KAP 和 HRA，本研究的结果将为当局提供知识和资源，以改善未来的饮用水质量管理。
