Gauthier D K, Turner J G
University of Alabama School of Nursing, Birmingham 35294.
Am J Infect Control. 1989 Aug;17(4):213-25. doi: 10.1016/0196-6553(89)90131-4.
Prudent use of screening tests for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and interpretation of test results require an understanding of the body's immune response to HIV infection, the serologic assays currently available, and the problems associated with false-positive and false-negative test results. The methodologies of the enzyme immunoassay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) and the Western blot assay are presented, and efficacies of these tests are evaluated. Tests for the detection of anti-HIV antibodies that are, at this time, primarily restricted to research use but that show promise for adaptation to screening (such as the ELISA with recombinant antigen) also are discussed, as is the alternative of testing for HIV antigens or HIV-specific DNA. From a personal perspective, any test for HIV infection is accompanied by certain benefits and risks. These can be discussed with the patient in the framework of pretest and posttest counseling.
谨慎使用人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染筛查检测以及解读检测结果，需要了解人体对HIV感染的免疫反应、目前可用的血清学检测方法以及与假阳性和假阴性检测结果相关的问题。本文介绍了酶免疫测定法（酶联免疫吸附测定法[ELISA]）和蛋白质印迹法的方法，并评估了这些检测方法的有效性。还讨论了目前主要限于研究用途但有望用于筛查的抗HIV抗体检测方法（如重组抗原ELISA），以及检测HIV抗原或HIV特异性DNA的替代方法。从个人角度来看，任何HIV感染检测都伴随着一定的益处和风险。这些可以在检测前和检测后咨询的框架内与患者进行讨论。
