Cardiomyocyte Ca2+ dynamics: clinical perspectives.

In the heart, Ca(2+) signals regulate a variety of biological functions ranging from contractility to gene expression, cellular hypertrophy and death. In this review, we summarize the role of local Ca(2+) homeostasis in these processes in healthy cardiac muscle cells, and highlight how mismanaged Ca(2+) handling contributes to the pathophysiology of conditions such as cardiac arrhythmia, ischemic heart disease, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Aiming to provide an introduction to the field with a clinical perspective, we also indicate how current and future therapies may modulate cardiomyocytes Ca(2+) handling for the treatment of patients.