de Sousa Fernandes Perna Elizabeth B, Theunissen Eef L, Kuypers Kim P C, Evers Elisabeth A, Stiers Peter, Toennes Stefan W, Witteman Jurriaan, van Dalen Wim, Ramaekers Johannes G
Department Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
Addict Biol. 2017 May;22(3):823-832. doi: 10.1111/adb.12351. Epub 2016 Jan 14.
Drugs of abuse stimulate striatal dopamine release and activate reward pathways. This study examined the impact of alcohol and cannabis marketing on the reward circuit in alcohol and cannabis users while sober and intoxicated. It was predicted that alcohol and cannabis marketing would increase striatal activation when sober and that reward sensitivity would be less during alcohol and cannabis intoxication. Heavy alcohol (n = 20) and regular cannabis users (n = 21) participated in a mixed factorial study involving administration of alcohol and placebo in the alcohol group and cannabis and placebo in the cannabis group. Non-drug users (n = 20) served as between group reference. Brain activation after exposure to alcohol and cannabis marketing movies was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging and compared between groups while sober and compared with placebo while intoxicated. Implicit alcohol and cannabis cognitions were assessed by means of a single-category implicit association test. Alcohol and cannabis marketing significantly increased striatal BOLD activation across all groups while sober. Striatal activation however decreased during intoxication with alcohol and cannabis. Implicit associations with cannabis marketing cues were significantly more positive in alcohol and cannabis users as compared with non-drug using controls. Public advertising of alcohol or cannabis use elicits striatal activation in the brain's reward circuit. Reduction of marketing would reduce brain exposure to reward cues that motivate substance use. Conversely, elevated dopamine levels protect against the reinforcing potential of marketing.
滥用药物会刺激纹状体多巴胺释放并激活奖赏通路。本研究考察了酒精和大麻营销对酒精和大麻使用者清醒及醉酒状态下奖赏回路的影响。研究预测，酒精和大麻营销在清醒时会增加纹状体激活，而在酒精和大麻中毒期间奖赏敏感性会降低。重度酒精使用者（n = 20）和经常使用大麻者（n = 21）参与了一项混合因子研究，酒精组接受酒精和安慰剂，大麻组接受大麻和安慰剂。非药物使用者（n = 20）作为组间对照。使用功能磁共振成像测量接触酒精和大麻营销影片后的大脑激活情况，并在清醒时比较组间差异，在醉酒时与安慰剂进行比较。通过单类别内隐联想测验评估内隐酒精和大麻认知。酒精和大麻营销在所有组清醒时均显著增加纹状体血氧水平依赖（BOLD）激活。然而，在酒精和大麻中毒期间纹状体激活减少。与非药物使用对照组相比，酒精和大麻使用者与大麻营销线索的内隐联想显著更积极。酒精或大麻使用的公开广告会引发大脑奖赏回路中的纹状体激活。减少营销将减少大脑接触到的促使物质使用的奖赏线索。相反，多巴胺水平升高可抵御营销的强化作用。
