Bopp M
Geographisches Institut, Universität Zürich.
Soz Praventivmed. 1989;34(3):108-14. doi: 10.1007/BF02098370.
Maps not following the syntactical rules of the graphical language entail the risk of being misunderstood. Maps aim at demonstrating spatial patterns and visualizing dividing lines. Representation of tabular values is not a principal goal. Maps should be "seen" as a whole, not be "read" element by element. Some technical aspects of cartography are discussed (distortion of information, grouping of data, adequacy and use of colour). The guidelines for the new Swiss cancer atlas are based on these general principles. A continuous-shading technique avoiding class intervals is being used. It allows the combination of maps and diagrams of different aggregations of the same data using a common shading scale. Indications of significance are integrated into all figures. Geographical maps are enriched by diagrams showing data for 9 cities, 5 language regions, for a grouping by size of community and for a socioeconomical classification of regions. The universal shading scale enables to compare the figures separately and crossways. Relationships not apparent in a traditional map might be revealed.
不符合图形语言句法规则的地图存在被误解的风险。地图旨在展示空间模式并使分界线可视化。表示表格值并非主要目标。地图应作为一个整体“看”，而非逐个元素地“读”。文中讨论了制图学的一些技术方面（信息失真、数据分组、颜色的适当性和使用）。新的瑞士癌症地图集的指导方针基于这些一般原则。正在使用一种避免分类间隔的连续阴影技术。它允许使用共同的阴影比例将同一数据不同汇总的地图和图表结合起来。显著性指示被整合到所有图形中。地理地图通过展示9个城市、5个语言区域、按社区规模分组以及区域社会经济分类的数据图表得以丰富。通用的阴影比例能够分别和交叉比较这些图形。传统地图中不明显的关系可能会被揭示出来。
