Keulen A, van Zomeren A, Harpe P, Aarnink W, Simons H A E, Brouwers H J H
Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Van Gansewinkel Minerals, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
ECN, Petten, The Netherlands.
Waste Manag. 2016 Mar;49:83-95. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.010. Epub 2016 Feb 5.
Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash was treated with specially designed dry and wet treatment processes, obtaining high quality bottom ash granulate fractions (BGF) suitable for up to 100% replacement of natural gravel in concrete. The wet treatment (using only water for separating and washing) significantly lowers the leaching of e.g. chloride and sulfate, heavy metals (antimony, molybdenum and copper) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Two potential bottom ash granulate fractions, both in compliance with the standard EN 12620 (aggregates for concrete), were added into earth-moist concrete mixtures. The fresh and hardened concrete physical performances (e.g. workability, strength and freeze-thaw) of high strength concrete mixtures were maintained or improved compared with the reference mixtures, even after replacing up to 100% of the initial natural gravel. Final element leaching of monolithic and crushed granular state BGF containing concretes, showed no differences with the gravel references. Leaching of all mixtures did not exceed the limit values set by the Dutch Soil Quality Degree. In addition, multiple-life-phase emission (pH static test) for the critical elements of input bottom ash, bottom ash granulate (BGF) and crushed BGF containing concrete were assessed. Simulation pH lowering or potential carbonation processes indicated that metal (antimony, barium, chrome and copper) and sulfate element leaching behavior are mainly pH dominated and controlled, although differ in mechanism and related mineral abundance.
城市固体垃圾焚烧底灰采用专门设计的干湿处理工艺进行处理，得到了高质量的底灰颗粒级分（BGF），其可完全替代混凝土中的天然砾石。湿处理（仅用水进行分离和清洗）显著降低了例如氯化物、硫酸盐、重金属（锑、钼和铜）以及溶解有机碳（DOC）的浸出量。将两种均符合标准EN 12620（混凝土用集料）的潜在底灰颗粒级分添加到含水量为土状的混凝土混合物中。与参比混合物相比，高强度混凝土混合物的新拌及硬化混凝土物理性能（如工作性、强度和冻融性能）得以保持或改善，即便初始天然砾石的替代量高达100%。含有整体式和破碎颗粒状BGF的混凝土的最终元素浸出量与砾石参比物并无差异。所有混合物的浸出量均未超过荷兰土壤质量等级设定的限值。此外，还评估了输入底灰、底灰颗粒（BGF）以及含有破碎BGF的混凝土中关键元素的多生命阶段排放（pH静态试验）。模拟pH降低或潜在碳化过程表明，金属（锑、钡、铬和铜）和硫酸盐元素的浸出行为主要受pH主导和控制，尽管其机理和相关矿物丰度有所不同。
