An R, McCaffrey J
Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
Office of Extension and Outreach, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2016 Oct;29(5):624-32. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12368. Epub 2016 Feb 22.
The present study examined plain water consumption in relation to energy intake and diet quality among US adults.
A nationally representative sample of 18 311 adults aged ≥18 years, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2012, was analysed. The first-difference estimator approach addressed confounding bias from time-invariant unobservables (e.g. eating habits, taste preferences) by using within-individual variations in diet and plain water consumption between two nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls.
One percentage point increase in the proportion of daily plain water in total dietary water consumption was associated with a reduction in mean (95% confidence interval) daily total energy intake of 8.58 (7.87-9.29) kcal, energy intake from sugar-sweetened beverages of 1.43 (1.27-1.59) kcal, energy intake from discretionary foods of 0.88 (0.44-1.32) kcal, total fat intake of 0.21 (0.17-0.25) g, saturated fat intake of 0.07 (0.06-0.09) g, sugar intake of 0.74 (0.67-0.82) g, sodium intake of 9.80 (8.20-11.39) mg and cholesterol intake of 0.88 (0.64-1.13) g. The effects of plain water intake on diet were similar across race/ethnicity, education attainment, income level and body weight status, whereas they were larger among males and young/middle-aged adults than among females and older adults, respectively. Daily overall diet quality measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2010 was not found to be associated with the proportion of daily plain water in total dietary water consumption.
Promoting plain water intake could be a useful public health strategy for reducing energy and targeted nutrient consumption in US adults, which warrants confirmation in future controlled interventions.
本研究调查了美国成年人的白开水摄入量与能量摄入及饮食质量之间的关系。
对2005 - 2012年美国国家健康与营养检查调查中18311名年龄≥18岁的具有全国代表性的成年人样本进行了分析。一阶差分估计方法通过利用两次非连续24小时饮食回忆中个体饮食和白开水摄入量的变化，解决了时间不变的不可观测因素（如饮食习惯、口味偏好）导致的混杂偏差。
每日白开水在总膳食水摄入量中的比例每增加1个百分点，平均每日总能量摄入量（95%置信区间）减少8.58（7.87 - 9.29）千卡，含糖饮料的能量摄入量减少1.43（1.27 - 1.59）千卡，自由支配食物的能量摄入量减少0.88（0.44 - 1.32）千卡，总脂肪摄入量减少0.21（0.17 - 0.25）克，饱和脂肪摄入量减少0.07（0.06 - 0.09）克，糖摄入量减少0.74（0.67 - 0.82）克，钠摄入量减少9.80（8.20 - 11.39）毫克，胆固醇摄入量减少0.88（0.64 - 1.13）克。白开水摄入量对饮食的影响在不同种族/民族、教育程度、收入水平和体重状况中相似，而在男性和青年/中年成年人中分别比女性和老年人中更大。未发现用2010年健康饮食指数衡量的每日总体饮食质量与每日白开水在总膳食水摄入量中的比例相关。
促进白开水摄入可能是一项有助于减少美国成年人能量和特定营养素消耗的公共卫生策略，这有待未来对照干预研究加以证实。
