Salamone John D, Correa Merce, Yohn Samantha, Lopez Cruz Laura, San Miguel Noemi, Alatorre Luisa
Dept. of Psychology Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA.
Dept. of Psychology Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA; Area de Psicobiol., Dept. Psic., Universitat de Jaume I, Castelló 12071, Spain.
Behav Processes. 2016 Jun;127:3-17. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.02.008. Epub 2016 Feb 19.
This review paper is focused upon the involvement of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) and related brain systems in effort-based processes. Interference with DA transmission affects instrumental behavior in a manner that interacts with the response requirements of the task, such that rats with impaired DA transmission show a heightened sensitivity to ratio requirements. Impaired DA transmission also affects effort-related choice behavior, which is assessed by tasks that offer a choice between a preferred reinforcer that has a high work requirement vs. less preferred reinforcer that can be obtained with minimal effort. Rats and mice with impaired DA transmission reallocate instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks with high response costs, and show increased selection of low reinforcement/low cost options. Tests of effort-related choice have been developed into models of pathological symptoms of motivation that are seen in disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. These models are being employed to explore the effects of conditions associated with various psychopathologies, and to assess drugs for their potential utility as treatments for effort-related symptoms. Studies of the pharmacology of effort-based choice may contribute to the development of treatments for symptoms such as psychomotor slowing, fatigue or anergia, which are seen in depression and other disorders.
本综述论文聚焦于中脑边缘多巴胺（DA）及相关脑系统在基于努力的过程中的参与情况。对DA传递的干扰会以一种与任务的反应要求相互作用的方式影响工具性（操作性）行为，使得DA传递受损的大鼠对比率要求表现出更高的敏感性。DA传递受损还会影响与努力相关的选择行为，这是通过一些任务来评估的，这些任务提供了在具有高工作要求的偏好强化物与只需极少努力就能获得的不太偏好的强化物之间进行选择。DA传递受损的大鼠和小鼠会将工具性行为从具有高反应成本的食物强化任务中重新分配，并表现出对低强化/低成本选项的选择增加。与努力相关的选择测试已被发展成为在抑郁症和精神分裂症等疾病中所见的动机病理症状模型。这些模型正被用于探索与各种精神病理学相关的状况的影响，并评估药物作为治疗与努力相关症状的潜在效用。基于努力的选择的药理学研究可能有助于开发针对抑郁症和其他疾病中所见的精神运动迟缓、疲劳或无力等症状的治疗方法。
