Allouh M Z, Abu Ghaida J H, Jarrar A A, Khasawneh R R, Mustafa A G, Bashaireh K M
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Jordan.
Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2016;75(3):388-392. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2016.0007. Epub 2016 Feb 26.
The human carrying angle (CA) is a measure of the lateral deflection of the forearm from the arm. The importance of this angle emerges from its functional and clinical relevance. Previous studies have correlated this angle with different parameters including age, gender, and handedness. However, no reports have focused on race-dependent variations in CA or its relation to various components of the elbow joint. This study aimed to investigate the variations in CA with respect to race and inter-epicondylar distance (IED) of the humerus. The study included 457 Jordanian and 345 Malaysian volunteers with an age range of 18-21 years. All participants were right-hand dominant with no previous medical history in their upper limbs. Both CA and IED were measured by well-trained medical practitioners according to a well-established protocol. Regardless of race, CA was greater on the dominant side and in females. Furthermore, CA was significantly greater in Malaysian males compared to Jordanian males, and significantly smaller in Malaysian females compared to their Jordanian counterparts. Finally, CA significantly decreased with increasing IED in both races. This study supports effects of gender and handedness on the CA independent of race. However, CA also varies with race, and this variation is independent of age, gender, and handedness. The evaluation also revealed an inverse relationship between CA and IED. These findings indicate that multiple factors including race and IED should be considered during the examination and management of elbow fractures and epicondylar diseases.
人体提携角（CA）是衡量前臂相对于上臂向外偏斜程度的指标。该角度的重要性源于其功能和临床意义。以往的研究已将此角度与包括年龄、性别和利手等不同参数相关联。然而，尚无报告关注CA的种族依赖性差异或其与肘关节各组成部分的关系。本研究旨在调查CA相对于种族和肱骨髁间距离（IED）的变化情况。该研究纳入了457名年龄在18 - 21岁之间的约旦志愿者和345名马来西亚志愿者。所有参与者均为右利手，且上肢无既往病史。CA和IED均由训练有素的医学从业者按照既定方案进行测量。无论种族如何，优势侧和女性的CA更大。此外，马来西亚男性的CA显著大于约旦男性，而马来西亚女性的CA显著小于约旦女性。最后，两个种族中CA均随IED增加而显著降低。本研究支持性别和利手对CA的影响独立于种族。然而，CA也因种族而异，且这种差异独立于年龄、性别和利手。评估还揭示了CA与IED之间呈负相关关系。这些发现表明，在肘关节骨折和髁上疾病的检查和处理过程中，应考虑包括种族和IED在内的多种因素。
