Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2016 Aug 15;114:103-15. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.02.010. Epub 2016 Feb 23.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest families of membrane proteins, with approximately 800 different GPCRs in the human genome. Signaling via GPCRs regulates many biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and development. In addition, many receptors have a pivotal role in immunophysiology. Many hormones and neurotransmitters are ligands for these receptors, and hence it is not surprising that many drugs, either mimicking or blocking the action of the bodily substances, have been developed. It is estimated that 30-40% of current drugs on the market target GPCRs. Further identifying and elucidating the functions of GPCRs will provide opportunities for novel drug discovery, including for immunotherapy. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) is a very important and useful platform in this respect. There are many advantages of using a yeast assay system, as it is cheap, safe and stable; it is also convenient for rapid feasibility and optimization studies. Moreover, it offers a "null" background when studying human GPCRs. New developments regarding human GPCRs expressed in a yeast platform are providing insight into GPCR activation and signaling, and facilitate agonist and antagonist identification. In this review we summarize the latest findings regarding human G-protein-coupled receptors in studies using S. cerevisiae, ever since the year 2005 when we last published a review on this topic. We describe 11 families of GPCRs in detail, while including the principles and developments of each yeast system applied to these different GPCRs and highlight and generalize the experimental findings of GPCR function in these systems.
G 蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)是最大的膜蛋白家族之一,人类基因组中约有 800 种不同的 GPCR。通过 GPCR 信号转导调节许多生物学过程,如细胞增殖、分化和发育。此外,许多受体在免疫生理学中具有关键作用。许多激素和神经递质是这些受体的配体,因此开发了许多模仿或阻断体内物质作用的药物也就不足为奇了。据估计,目前市场上 30-40%的药物靶向 GPCR。进一步鉴定和阐明 GPCR 的功能将为新药发现提供机会,包括免疫疗法。 budding 酵母酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae,S. cerevisiae)在这方面是一个非常重要和有用的平台。使用酵母测定系统有许多优点,因为它便宜、安全且稳定;它也方便进行快速可行性和优化研究。此外,在研究人 GPCR 时提供了“空”背景。在酵母平台上表达的人 GPCR 的新进展为 GPCR 激活和信号转导提供了深入了解,并促进了激动剂和拮抗剂的鉴定。在这篇综述中,我们总结了自 2005 年我们上次就该主题发表综述以来,在使用酿酒酵母的研究中关于人 G 蛋白偶联受体的最新发现。我们详细描述了 11 个 GPCR 家族,同时包括应用于这些不同 GPCR 的每个酵母系统的原理和进展,并突出和概括了这些系统中 GPCR 功能的实验发现。