Passie Torsten, Benzenhöfer Udo
a Professor and Visiting Scientist, Senckenberg Institute of History and Ethics in Medicine , Goethe University Frankfurt/Main , Frankfurt am Main , Germany.
b Professor, Senckenberg Institute of History and Ethics in Medicine , Goethe University Frankfurt/Main , Frankfurt am Main , Germany.
J Psychoactive Drugs. 2016 Apr-Jun;48(2):67-75. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2015.1128580. Epub 2016 Mar 3.
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-methylamphetamine, a.k.a. "ecstasy") was first synthesized in 1912 and resynthesized more than once for pharmaceutical reasons before it became a popular recreational drug. Partially based on previously overlooked U.S. government documentation, this article reconstructs the early history of MDMA as a recreational drug in the U.S. from 1960 to 1979. According to the literature, MDMA was introduced as a street drug at the end of the 1960s. The first forensic detection of MDMA "on the street" was reported in 1970 in Chicago. It appears that MDMA was first synthesized by underground chemists in search of "legal alternatives" for the closely related and highly sought-after drug MDA, which was scheduled under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) in 1970. Until 1974, nearly all MDMA street samples seized came from the U.S. Midwest, the first "hot region" of MDMA use. In Canada, MDMA was first detected in 1974 and scheduled in 1976. From 1975 to 1979, MDMA was found in street samples in more than 10 U.S. states, the West Coast becoming the major "hot region" of MDMA use. Recreational use of MDMA spread across the U.S. in the early 1980s, and in 1985 it was scheduled under the CSA.
摇头丸（3,4－亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺，又名“迷魂药”）于1912年首次合成，在成为一种流行的消遣性毒品之前，因制药原因曾多次重新合成。本文部分基于此前被忽视的美国政府文件，重构了1960年至1979年摇头丸在美国作为消遣性毒品的早期历史。据文献记载，摇头丸在20世纪60年代末作为一种街头毒品被引入。1970年在芝加哥首次报告了在街头对摇头丸的法医检测。摇头丸似乎最初是由地下化学家合成的，他们在寻找与密切相关且备受追捧的毒品甲烯二氧苯丙胺（MDA）的“合法替代品”，MDA于1970年被列入《管制物质法》（CSA）附表。直到1974年，几乎所有查获的摇头丸街头样本都来自美国中西部，这是摇头丸使用的首个“热点地区”。在加拿大，摇头丸于1974年首次被检测到，并于1976年被列入附表。1975年至1979年期间，在美国10多个州的街头样本中发现了摇头丸，西海岸成为摇头丸使用的主要“热点地区”。20世纪80年代初，摇头丸的消遣性使用在美国蔓延开来，并于1985年被列入CSA附表。
