Bottalico Pasquale, Graetzer Simone, Hunter Eric J
Voice Biomechanics and Acoustics Laboratory, Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan..
Voice Biomechanics and Acoustics Laboratory, Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
J Voice. 2017 Jan;31(1):122.e9-122.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.01.012. Epub 2016 Mar 2.
One of the most important aspects of singing is the control of fundamental frequency.
The effects on pitch inaccuracy, defined as the distance in cents in equally tempered tuning between the reference note and the sung note, of the following conditions were evaluated: (1) level of external feedback, (2) tempo (slow or fast), (3) articulation (legato or staccato), (4) tessitura (low, medium, or high), and (5) semi-phrase direction (ascending or descending).
The subjects were 10 nonprofessional singers and 10 classically trained professional or semi-professional singers (10 men and 10 women). Subjects sang one octave and a fifth arpeggi with three different levels of external auditory feedback, two tempi, and two articulations (legato or staccato).
It was observed that inaccuracy was greatest in the descending semi-phrase arpeggi produced at a fast tempo and with a staccato articulation, especially for nonprofessional singers. The magnitude of inaccuracy was also relatively large in the high tessitura relative to the low and the medium tessitura for such singers. Contrary to predictions, when external auditory feedback was strongly attenuated by the hearing protectors, nonprofessional singers showed greater pitch accuracy than in the other external feedback conditions. This finding indicates the importance of internal auditory feedback in pitch control.
With an increase in training, the singer's pitch inaccuracy decreases.
唱歌最重要的方面之一是基频控制。
评估以下条件对音高不准确的影响，音高不准确定义为在平均律调音中参考音符与所唱音符之间以音分计的距离：（1）外部反馈水平；（2）速度（慢或快）；（3）发音方式（连奏或断奏）；（4）音域（低、中或高）；（5）半乐句走向（上行或下行）。
受试者包括10名非专业歌手和10名接受过古典声乐训练的专业或半专业歌手（10名男性和10名女性）。受试者演唱一个八度加五度琶音，有三种不同水平的外部听觉反馈、两种速度和两种发音方式（连奏或断奏）。
观察到，在快速且断奏的下行半乐句琶音中，不准确程度最大，尤其是对于非专业歌手。对于此类歌手，相对于低音域和中音域，高音域中的不准确程度也相对较大。与预测相反，当听力保护器强烈衰减外部听觉反馈时，非专业歌手表现出比其他外部反馈条件下更高的音高准确性。这一发现表明了内部听觉反馈在音高控制中的重要性。
随着训练增加，歌手的音高不准确程度降低。
