Donovan Ariel R, Adams Craig D, Ma Yinfa, Stephan Chady, Eichholz Todd, Shi Honglan
Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 West 11th Street, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA.
Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS3M), 1201, N. State St, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016 Jul;408(19):5137-45. doi: 10.1007/s00216-016-9432-0. Epub 2016 Mar 9.
Nanoparticles (NPs) entering water systems are an emerging concern as NPs are more frequently manufactured and used. Single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) methods were validated to detect Zn- and Ce-containing NPs in surface and drinking water using a short dwell time of 0.1 ms or lower, ensuring precision in single particle detection while eliminating the need for sample preparation. Using this technique, information regarding NP size, size distribution, particle concentration, and dissolved ion concentrations was obtained simultaneously. The fates of Zn- and Ce-NPs, including those found in river water and added engineered NPs, were evaluated by simulating a typical drinking water treatment process. Lime softening, alum coagulation, powdered activated carbon sorption, and disinfection by free chlorine were simulated sequentially using river water. Lime softening removed 38-53 % of Zn-containing and ZnO NPs and >99 % of Ce-containing and CeO2 NPs. Zn-containing and ZnO NP removal increased to 61-74 % and 77-79 % after alum coagulation and disinfection, respectively. Source and drinking water samples were collected from three large drinking water treatment facilities and analyzed for Zn- and Ce-containing NPs. Each facility had these types of NPs present. In all cases, particle concentrations were reduced by a minimum of 60 % and most were reduced by >95 % from source water to finished drinking water. This study concludes that uncoated ZnO and CeO2 NPs may be effectively removed by conventional drinking water treatments including lime softening and alum coagulation.
随着纳米颗粒（NPs）的生产和使用日益频繁，进入水系统的纳米颗粒成为一个新的关注问题。单颗粒电感耦合等离子体质谱法（SP-ICP-MS）经过验证，可用于检测地表水和饮用水中含锌和铈的纳米颗粒，其驻留时间短至0.1毫秒或更低，既能确保单颗粒检测的精度，又无需进行样品制备。利用该技术，可同时获取有关纳米颗粒尺寸、尺寸分布、颗粒浓度和溶解离子浓度的信息。通过模拟典型的饮用水处理过程，评估了含锌和铈纳米颗粒的归宿，包括河水中发现的以及添加的工程纳米颗粒。依次使用河水模拟了石灰软化、明矾混凝、粉末活性炭吸附和游离氯消毒过程。石灰软化去除了38%-53%的含锌和氧化锌纳米颗粒以及>99%的含铈和二氧化铈纳米颗粒。明矾混凝和消毒后，含锌和氧化锌纳米颗粒的去除率分别提高到61%-74%和77%-79%。从三个大型饮用水处理设施采集了原水和饮用水样本，并分析了其中含锌和铈的纳米颗粒。每个设施都存在这些类型的纳米颗粒。在所有情况下，从原水到成品饮用水，颗粒浓度至少降低了60%，大多数降低了>95%。本研究得出结论，包括石灰软化和明矾混凝在内的常规饮用水处理方法可有效去除未包覆的氧化锌和二氧化铈纳米颗粒。
