Zlotnicki Jason P, Naendrup Jan-Hendrik, Ferrer Gerald A, Debski Richard E
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, 408 Center for Bioengineering, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2016 Jun;9(2):114-22. doi: 10.1007/s12178-016-9329-8.
Motion at the knee joint is a complex mechanical phenomenon. Stability is provided by a combination of static and dynamic structures that work in concert to prevent excessive movement or instability that is inherent in various knee injuries. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a main stabilizer of the knee, providing both translational and rotatory constraint. Despite the high volume of research directed at native ACL function, pathogenesis and surgical reconstruction of this structure, a gold standard for objective quantification of injury and subsequent repair, has not been demonstrated. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that novel anatomic structures may play a significant role in knee stability. The use of biomechanical principles and testing techniques provides essential objective/quantitative information on the function of bone, ligaments, joint capsule, and other contributing soft tissues in response to various loading conditions. This review discusses the principles of biomechanics in relation to knee stability, with a focus on the objective quantification of knee stability, the individual contributions of specific knee structures to stability, and the most recent technological advances in the biomechanical evaluation of the knee joint.
膝关节的运动是一种复杂的力学现象。稳定性由静态和动态结构共同提供，这些结构协同工作以防止各种膝关节损伤所固有的过度运动或不稳定。前交叉韧带（ACL）是膝关节的主要稳定器，提供平移和旋转约束。尽管针对天然ACL功能、发病机制和该结构的手术重建进行了大量研究，但尚未证明有客观量化损伤及后续修复的金标准。此外，最近的研究表明，新的解剖结构可能在膝关节稳定性中起重要作用。生物力学原理和测试技术的应用提供了关于骨骼、韧带、关节囊和其他相关软组织在各种负荷条件下功能的基本客观/定量信息。本综述讨论了与膝关节稳定性相关的生物力学原理，重点是膝关节稳定性的客观量化、特定膝关节结构对稳定性的个体贡献以及膝关节生物力学评估的最新技术进展。
