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为更好地理解紫外线对大西洋海象(Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus)的影响:一项将组织学数据与当地生态知识相结合的研究

Towards a Better Understanding of the Effects of UV on Atlantic Walruses, Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus: A Study Combining Histological Data with Local Ecological Knowledge.

作者信息

Martinez-Levasseur Laura M, Furgal Chris M, Hammill Mike O, Burness Gary

机构信息

Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.

Department of Indigenous Studies, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.

出版信息

PLoS One. 2016 Apr 6;11(4):e0152122. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152122. eCollection 2016.

Abstract

Walruses, Odobenus rosmarus, play a key role in the Arctic ecosystem, including northern Indigenous communities, which are reliant upon walruses for aspects of their diet and culture. However, walruses face varied environmental threats including rising sea-water temperatures and decreasing ice cover. An underappreciated threat may be the large amount of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) that continues to reach the Arctic as a result of ozone loss. UV has been shown to negatively affect whales. Like whales, walrus skin is unprotected by fur, but in contrast, walruses spend long periods of time hauled-out on land. In this study, we combined the results of histological analyses of skin sections from five Atlantic walruses, Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus, collected in Nunavik (Northern Quebec, Canada) with qualitative data obtained through the interviews of 33 local walrus hunters and Inuit Elders. Histological analyses allowed us to explore UV-induced cellular lesions and interviews with experienced walrus hunters and Elders helped us to study the incidences and temporal changes of UV-induced gross lesions in walruses. At the microscopic scale, we detected a range of skin abnormalities consistent with UV damage. However, currently such UV effects do not seem to be widely observed at the whole-animal level (i.e., absence of skin blistering, erythema, eye cataract) by individuals interviewed. Although walruses may experience skin damage under normal everyday UV exposure, the long-term data from local walrus hunters and Inuit Elders did not report a relation between the increased sun radiation secondary to ozone loss and walrus health.

摘要

海象,即髯海豹(Odobenus rosmarus),在北极生态系统中扮演着关键角色,这其中也包括北部的原住民社区,他们在饮食和文化方面都依赖海象。然而,海象面临着各种各样的环境威胁,包括海水温度上升和冰盖减少。一个未得到充分重视的威胁可能是由于臭氧损耗,大量太阳紫外线辐射(UV)持续抵达北极。紫外线已被证明会对鲸鱼产生负面影响。与鲸鱼一样,海象的皮肤没有毛发保护,但不同的是,海象会长时间在陆地上休息。在本研究中,我们将对五头来自加拿大魁北克北部努纳维克地区的大西洋海象(Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus)皮肤切片进行组织学分析的结果,与通过对33名当地海象猎人及因纽特长者的访谈所获得的定性数据相结合。组织学分析使我们能够探究紫外线引起的细胞损伤,而与经验丰富的海象猎人和长者的访谈则帮助我们研究海象身上紫外线引起的肉眼可见损伤的发生率和时间变化。在微观层面,我们检测到了一系列与紫外线损伤相符的皮肤异常情况。然而,目前接受访谈的人在整体动物层面(即没有皮肤起泡、红斑、白内障)似乎并未广泛观察到此类紫外线影响。尽管海象在日常正常紫外线照射下可能会出现皮肤损伤,但当地海象猎人及因纽特长者的长期数据并未报告因臭氧损耗导致的太阳辐射增加与海象健康之间存在关联。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/47fd/4822789/d5412c32d97e/pone.0152122.g001.jpg

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