Diaphragm length adjustments with body position changes in the awake dog.

Sonomicrometry was used to measure end-expiratory length and tidal shortening of the costal and crural diaphragm in awake chronically instrumented dogs in the right lateral decubitus, standing, and sitting postures. End-expiratory length did not change significantly in standing but fell by 11.5% for the costal and by 14.4% for the crural segment in sitting, when compared with decubitus position. Tidal shortening of both segments did not change significantly in the three postures. From decubitus to sitting, diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG) activity increased only in some dogs, not significantly for the group. The inspiratory swing of abdominal pressure was always positive in decubitus and negative in standing and sitting. In the latter two postures, abdominal pressure increased gradually during expiration and fell in inspiration, suggesting a phasic expiratory contraction of abdominal muscles. We conclude that diaphragmatic tidal shortening is maintained in the different postures assumed by the awake dog during resting breathing. It seems that the main compensatory mechanism for changes in diaphragmatic operational length is a phasic expiratory contraction of the abdominal muscles rather than an increase in diaphragmatic EMG activity.