Phenrat Tanapon, Otwong Ashijya, Chantharit Aphichart, Lowry Gregory V
Research Unit for Integrated Natural Resources Remediation and Reclamation (IN3R), Department of Civil Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Oct;124(10):1511-1520. doi: 10.1289/EHP215. Epub 2016 May 8.
Klity Creek has become Thailand's first official remediation ordered by the court in 2013, 15 years after the spill of lead (Pb)-contaminated mine tailing into the creek. The Pollution Control Department (PCD) decided to restore the creek through monitored natural recovery (MNR) since 2006 but has not been successful. Interestingly, the most recent remediation plan in 2015 will still apply MNR to five out of the seven portions of the creek, despite no scientific feasibility evaluation of using MNR to restore the creek.
This study qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated the feasibility of using MNR to clean up the creek in order to protect the Klity children from excess Pb exposure.
We analyzed the physical and chemical transformation of Pb contaminated sediment in the creek and developed a remedial action goal and cleanup level using the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic model (IEUBK). We empirically determined the natural recovery (NR) potentials and rates using 10 years of data monitoring the water and sediment samples from eight monitoring stations (KC1 to KC8).
Klity Creek has NR potential for water except at KC2, which is closest to the spill and the other improperly managed Pb sources. However, the creek has no NR potential for sediment except at the KC8 location (NR rate = 11.1 ± 3.0 × 10-3 month-1) farthest from the spill.
The MNR method is not suitable to use as the sole remedial approach for Klity Creek (KC2 to KC7). Although MNR is applicable at KC8, it may require up to 377 ± 76 years to restore the sediment to the background Pb concentration.
Phenrat T, Otwong A, Chantharit A, Lowry GV. 2016. Ten-year monitored natural recovery of lead-contaminated mine tailing in Klity Creek, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Environ Health Perspect 124:1511-1520; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP215.
2013年，克利蒂溪成为泰国法院下达的首个官方整治对象，此时距含铅（Pb）污染的矿渣泄漏至该溪流已过去15年。自2006年起，污染控制部门（PCD）决定通过监测自然恢复（MNR）来恢复该溪流，但未取得成功。有趣的是，2015年的最新整治计划仍将对该溪流七段中的五段采用监测自然恢复方法，尽管并未对采用监测自然恢复来整治该溪流进行科学可行性评估。
本研究对采用监测自然恢复来清理该溪流的可行性进行了定性和定量评估，以保护克利蒂溪周边儿童免受过量铅暴露。
我们分析了该溪流中受铅污染沉积物的物理和化学转化情况，并使用综合暴露摄取生物动力学模型（IEUBK）制定了整治行动目标和清理水平。我们通过对来自八个监测站（KC1至KC8）的水和沉积物样本进行10年的数据监测，凭经验确定了自然恢复（NR）潜力和速率。
除了最靠近泄漏点及其他管理不善的铅源的KC2监测站外，克利蒂溪的水体具有自然恢复潜力。然而，除了距离泄漏点最远的KC8位置（自然恢复速率 = 11.1 ± 3.0 × 10-3 月-1）外，该溪流的沉积物没有自然恢复潜力。
监测自然恢复方法不适用于克利蒂溪（KC2至KC7）作为唯一的整治方法。虽然监测自然恢复在KC8适用，但可能需要长达377 ± 76年才能将沉积物中的铅浓度恢复到背景水平。
Phenrat T, Otwong A, Chantharit A, Lowry GV. 2016. Ten-year monitored natural recovery of lead-contaminated mine tailing in Klity Creek, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Environ Health Perspect 124:1511-1520; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP215.
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