Swisher Raymond R, Shaw-Smith Unique R
J Crim Law Criminol. 2015;104(4).
Parental incarceration has been found to be associated with a wide range of negative outcomes in both childhood and adolescence. This Article uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to focus on the conditions under which associations of paternal incarceration with adolescent delinquency and depression are strongest. Paternal incarceration is most consistently and positively associated with adolescent delinquency. Associations of paternal incarceration with adolescent depression are weaker and more contingent on gender and other moderating factors. One important moderator is the respondent's retrospective reports that he or she was physically or sexually abused by a parent or other adult caregiver during childhood. For example, in the absence of sexual abuse, paternal incarceration is associated with higher depression among girls. When coupled with reports of sexual abuse, in contrast, paternal incarceration is not associated with girls' depression, suggesting a potential protective effect. The child having ever coresided with his or her father is also found to moderate associations, with paternal incarceration most strongly associated with delinquency and depression among girls who had ever coresided with their fathers. Examination of the duration and timing of paternal incarceration also pointed to gender differences.
研究发现，父母一方被监禁与儿童期和青少年期的一系列负面结果有关。本文利用青少年健康全国纵向研究（“增加健康”项目）的数据，重点关注父亲被监禁与青少年犯罪和抑郁之间的关联在何种情况下最为强烈。父亲被监禁与青少年犯罪之间的关联最为一致且呈正相关。父亲被监禁与青少年抑郁之间的关联较弱，且更多地取决于性别和其他调节因素。一个重要的调节因素是受访者的回顾性报告，即他或她在童年时期曾遭受父母或其他成年照顾者的身体虐待或性虐待。例如，在没有性虐待的情况下，父亲被监禁与女孩的抑郁程度较高有关。相比之下，当与性虐待报告相结合时，父亲被监禁与女孩的抑郁无关，这表明可能存在保护作用。研究还发现，孩子是否曾与父亲共同居住也会调节这种关联，对于曾与父亲共同居住的女孩来说，父亲被监禁与犯罪和抑郁的关联最为强烈。对父亲被监禁的持续时间和时间点的研究也指出了性别差异。
