Filimonova Valentina, Gonçalves Fernando, Marques João C, De Troch Marleen, Gonçalves Ana M M
IMAR-CMA & MARE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Biology Department, Marine Biology, Ghent University. Krijgslaan 281-S8, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Aquat Toxicol. 2016 Aug;177:33-43. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.008. Epub 2016 May 17.
In Europe, mainly in the Mediterranean region, an intensive usage of pesticides was recorded during the past 30 years. According to information from agricultural cooperatives of the Mondego valley (Figueira da Foz, Portugal), Primextra(®) Gold TZ is the most used herbicide in corn crop fields and one of the 20 best-selling herbicides in Portugal. Copper is mainly used in pesticide formulations. This study aims to determine the ecotoxicological and biochemical (namely fatty acid profiles) effects of the herbicide Primextra(®) Gold TZ and the metal copper on marine plankton. The organisms used in this study are three planktonic species: the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, the estuarine copepod Acartia tonsa and nauplii of the marine brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Fatty acids (FAs) are one of the most important molecules transferred across the plant-animal interface in aquatic food webs and can be used as good indicators of stress. The conducted lab incubations show that T. weissflogii is the most sensitive species to the herbicide followed by A. tonsa (EC50=0.0078mg/L and EC50=0.925mg/L, respectively), whereas the copepod was the most sensitive species to the metal followed by T. weissflogii (EC50=0.234mg/L and EC50=0.383mg/L, respectively). A. franciscana was the most tolerant organism both to the herbicide and to the metal (EC50=20.35mg/L and EC50=18.93mg/L, respectively). Changes in the FA profiles of primary producer and primary consumers were observed, with the increase of saturated FA and decrease of unsaturated FA contents, especially of highly unsaturated FAs that can be obtained mainly from food and therefore are referred to as 'essential FA'. The study suggests that discharges of Primextra(®) Gold TZ or other pesticides mainly composed by copper may be a threat to plankton populations causing changes in the FA contents and thus in their nutritive value, with severe repercussions for higher trophic levels and thus the entire food web.
在欧洲，主要是地中海地区，过去30年记录了农药的大量使用。根据蒙德古河谷（葡萄牙菲盖拉达福什）农业合作社提供的信息，普瑞麦克斯特拉（®）金TZ是玉米作物田使用最多的除草剂，也是葡萄牙最畅销的20种除草剂之一。铜主要用于农药制剂中。本研究旨在确定除草剂普瑞麦克斯特拉（®）金TZ和金属铜对海洋浮游生物的生态毒理和生化（即脂肪酸谱）影响。本研究中使用的生物是三种浮游生物：海洋硅藻威氏海链藻、河口桡足类中华哲水蚤和海洋卤虫无节幼体。脂肪酸（FAs）是水生食物网中跨植物-动物界面转移的最重要分子之一，可作为应激的良好指标。进行的实验室培养表明，威氏海链藻是对除草剂最敏感的物种，其次是中华哲水蚤（EC50分别为0.0078mg/L和0.925mg/L），而桡足类是对金属最敏感的物种，其次是威氏海链藻（EC50分别为0.234mg/L和0.383mg/L）。卤虫无节幼体是对除草剂和金属最具耐受性的生物（EC50分别为20.35mg/L和18.93mg/L）。观察到初级生产者和初级消费者的脂肪酸谱发生变化，饱和脂肪酸含量增加，不饱和脂肪酸含量减少，尤其是高度不饱和脂肪酸，其主要可从食物中获取，因此被称为“必需脂肪酸”。该研究表明，普瑞麦克斯特拉（®）金TZ或其他主要由铜组成的农药的排放可能对浮游生物种群构成威胁，导致脂肪酸含量变化从而影响其营养价值，对更高营养级乃至整个食物网产生严重影响。
