Zhu Pingfen, Ren Baoping, Garber Paul A, Xia Fan, Grueter Cyril C, Li Ming
Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
Am J Primatol. 2016 Sep;78(9):974-82. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22567. Epub 2016 Jun 7.
In many primate species that form one-male breeding units (OMUs), the threat of a takeover by a bachelor male represents a major challenge to group stability and individual reproductive success. In the case of snub-nosed monkeys, which live in large multilevel or modular societies (MLS) comprising several OMUs that travel, feed and rest together and as well as one or more all male units (AMUs), the process by which rival males challenge resident OMU males for access to females is poorly understood. From September 2012 to October 2013, we recorded 48 cases in which rival males visited an OMU in a MLS of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) inhabiting the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province, China. In 40 cases, rival males engaged in mild agonistic interactions (approaching, staring, teeth-baring and chasing) but failed to take over the group; we counted these visits as failed takeovers, recognizing that they may nevertheless allow rival males to assess the competitive ability of residents. During eight successful takeovers, however, there was severe physical aggression between challenging and resident males, with serious injuries to participants. We found that neither the number of adult and subadult females in an OMU, the number of non-pregnant, non-lactating adult females in an OMU, nor the rank of a resident male relative to other resident males in the MLS predicted which OMU a challenging male targeted for takeover. However, a resident male's rank significantly predicted whether takeover attempts were successful. Specifically, challenging males were more successful in displacing a lower-ranking resident male than a higher-ranking male. Given that a Yunnan snub-nosed monkey MLS may contain as many as 40 resident and 36 bachelor males, continued research is required to determine the set of factors that enable resident males to maintain high social rank and successfully defend their harems. Am. J. Primatol. 78:974-982, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
在许多形成单雄繁殖单元（OMU）的灵长类物种中，单身雄性接管群体的威胁对群体稳定性和个体繁殖成功构成了重大挑战。对于生活在大型多层次或模块化社会（MLS）中的滇金丝猴而言，这种挑战尤为突出。滇金丝猴的社会由多个共同迁徙、觅食和休息的OMU以及一个或多个全雄单元（AMU）组成。然而，目前对于竞争雄性挑战常住OMU雄性以获取雌性的过程仍知之甚少。2012年9月至2013年10月期间，我们记录了48起竞争雄性访问中国云南省白马雪山国家级自然保护区内滇金丝猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）MLS中OMU的案例。在40起案例中，竞争雄性进行了轻度的争斗互动（接近、凝视、呲牙和追逐），但未能接管该群体；我们将这些访问视为接管失败，不过也认识到它们仍可能使竞争雄性评估常住雄性的竞争能力。然而，在8次成功的接管过程中，挑战雄性与常住雄性之间发生了激烈的身体攻击，参与者受到了重伤。我们发现，OMU中成年和亚成年雌性的数量、OMU中非怀孕、非哺乳成年雌性的数量，以及常住雄性相对于MLS中其他常住雄性的等级，均无法预测竞争雄性会针对哪个OMU进行接管挑战。然而，常住雄性的等级显著预测了接管尝试是否成功。具体而言，挑战雄性取代低等级常住雄性比取代高等级常住雄性更成功。鉴于一个滇金丝猴MLS中可能包含多达40只常住雄性和36只单身雄性，仍需持续研究以确定使常住雄性维持高社会等级并成功保卫其后宫的一系列因素。《美国灵长类学杂志》78:974 - 982，2016年。© 2016威利期刊公司
