Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, VA 22044 USA, USA.
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Shell Health, Shell International B.V., P.O. Box 162, 2501 AN, The Netherlands.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2016 Aug;219(6):521-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.05.005. Epub 2016 May 19.
Silver is widely used as an antimicrobial agent in both ionic and nanoparticle forms, and general population exposure to silver can occur through the presence of trace levels in foods and dusts, through dermal contact with treated textiles, from use of wound care products, and other sources. Biomonitoring for silver in blood or urine in persons in the general population is being conducted by the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). Tolerable exposure guidance values for silver designed to prevent adverse effects of excess exposure are available from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (an oral reference dose, or RfD), from the United States Food and Drug Administration (a draft provisional tolerable intake, or TI) and from literature evaluations of recent data on responses to nanoparticle silver (a recommended tolerable daily intake, or TDI). A current physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model is used to estimate Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) for silver, which are steady-state biomarker concentrations consistent with the RfD, provisional TI, or recommended TDI (BERfD, BETI, or BETDI, respectively). The BE values based on silver in whole blood range from 0.2 to 0.9μg/L. BE values for silver in urine were not derived due to low confidence in the predicted steady-state urinary silver excretion rates. Comparison of general population biomonitoring data from Canada to the derived BE values indicate that general population exposure levels are generally below levels consistent with current risk assessment-derived exposure guidance values.
银以离子和纳米颗粒的形式被广泛用作抗菌剂，一般人群可能会通过食物和灰尘中痕量的银、经过处理的纺织品的皮肤接触、伤口护理产品的使用以及其他来源接触到银。加拿大健康测量调查（CHMS）正在对一般人群的血液或尿液中的银进行生物监测。美国环境保护署（口服参考剂量或 RfD）、美国食品和药物管理局（暂定可耐受摄入量或 TI）以及对纳米银颗粒反应的最新数据的文献评估提供了防止过度暴露不良影响的银可耐受暴露指导值（RfD）。目前使用基于生理学的药代动力学模型来估计银的生物监测等效物（BEs），这些是与 RfD、暂定 TI 或推荐 TDI（BERfD、BETI 或 BETDI）一致的稳态生物标志物浓度。基于全血中银的 BE 值范围为 0.2 至 0.9μg/L。由于对预测的稳态尿银排泄率缺乏信心，因此未得出尿液中银的 BE 值。将加拿大的一般人群生物监测数据与推导的 BE 值进行比较表明，一般人群的暴露水平通常低于当前风险评估衍生的暴露指导值。
