Ajmani Gaurav S, Suh Helen H, Pinto Jayant M
Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2016 Nov;124(11):1683-1693. doi: 10.1289/EHP136. Epub 2016 Jun 10.
Olfactory dysfunction affects millions of people worldwide. This sensory impairment is associated with neurodegenerative disease and significantly decreased quality of life. Exposure to airborne pollutants has been implicated in olfactory decline, likely due to the anatomic susceptibility of the olfactory nerve to the environment. Historically, studies have focused on occupational exposures, but more recent studies have considered effects from exposure to ambient air pollutants.
To examine all relevant human data evaluating a link between ambient pollution exposure and olfaction and to review supporting animal data in order to examine potential mechanisms for pollution-associated olfactory loss.
We identified and reviewed relevant articles from 1950 to 2015 using PubMed and Web of Science and focusing on human epidemiologic and pathophysiologic studies. Animal studies were included only to support pertinent data on humans. We reviewed findings from these studies evaluating a relationship between environmental pollutant exposure and olfactory function.
We identified and reviewed 17 articles, with 1 additional article added from a bibliography search, for a total of 18 human studies. There is evidence in human epidemiologic and pathologic studies that increased exposure to ambient air pollutants is associated with olfactory dysfunction. However, most studies have used proxies for pollution exposure in small samples of convenience. Human pathologic studies, with supporting animal work, have also shown that air pollution can contact the olfactory epithelium, translocate to the olfactory bulb, and migrate to the olfactory cortex. Pollutants can deposit at each location, causing direct damage and disruption of tissue morphology or inducing local inflammation and cellular stress responses.
Ambient air pollution may impact human olfactory function. Additional studies are needed to examine air pollution-related olfactory impacts on the general population using measured pollution exposures and to link pollution exposure with olfactory dysfunction and related pathology. Citation: Ajmani GS, Suh HH, Pinto JM. 2016. Effects of ambient air pollution exposure on olfaction: a review. Environ Health Perspect 124:1683-1693; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP136.
嗅觉功能障碍影响着全球数百万人。这种感觉功能受损与神经退行性疾病相关，且会显著降低生活质量。接触空气传播污染物被认为与嗅觉衰退有关，这可能是由于嗅神经在解剖学上对环境的易感性所致。历史上，研究主要集中在职业暴露方面，但最近的研究开始考虑接触环境空气污染物的影响。
审查所有评估环境污染物暴露与嗅觉之间联系的相关人类数据，并回顾支持性的动物数据，以研究与污染相关的嗅觉丧失的潜在机制。
我们使用PubMed和Web of Science检索并审查了1950年至2015年的相关文章，重点关注人类流行病学和病理生理学研究。仅纳入支持人类相关数据的动物研究。我们审查了这些研究中评估环境污染物暴露与嗅觉功能之间关系的结果。
我们识别并审查了17篇文章，通过文献检索又增加了1篇文章，总共18项人类研究。人类流行病学和病理学研究中有证据表明，增加环境空气污染物暴露与嗅觉功能障碍有关。然而，大多数研究在小样本的便利抽样中使用了污染暴露的替代指标。人类病理学研究以及支持性的动物研究也表明，空气污染可接触嗅上皮，转移至嗅球，并迁移至嗅觉皮层。污染物可在每个部位沉积，导致组织形态的直接损伤和破坏，或引发局部炎症和细胞应激反应。
环境空气污染可能会影响人类嗅觉功能。需要更多研究，使用实测的污染暴露情况来检查空气污染对普通人群嗅觉的影响，并将污染暴露与嗅觉功能障碍及相关病理学联系起来。引文：Ajmani GS, Suh HH, Pinto JM. 2016. 环境空气污染暴露对嗅觉的影响：综述。《环境健康展望》124:1683 - 1693；http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP136 。
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