Temperature and the two-point threshold.

Studies dating back to 1834 have shown that the temperature of objects contacting the skin can substantially intensify their apparent pressure on the skin. Later research demonstrated qualitatively that object temperature can also sharpen the spatial acuity of the skin as revealed by gap perception (two-point and two-edge thresholds). Pressure intensification and sharpening probably relate intimately. The present experiments sought to provide several more accurate and parametric extensions of thermal sharpening: (1) sharpening can improve tactile spatial acuity by as much as 60%, but the degree of sharpening is graded as a function of deviation of stimulator temperature from normal (neutral) skin temperature; (2) thermal sharpening seems to characterize the body surface since it takes place freely in forearm, forehead, and palm; local differences do, however, become apparent; (3) large thermal sharpening can even occur when one tip of the stimulator is warm, the other cold; and (4) thermal sharpening is easily captured by experiment and is basically the same in magnitude whether assessed by modern forced-choice procedure (controlled criterion) or by the more traditional procedures (uncontrolled criterion) used for more than a century before the advent of signal detection theory. Various arguments are put forth here and elsewhere to suggest that both thermal intensification of pressure sensation and thermal sharpening of gap perception result from direct thermal stimulation of mechanoreceptors and/or polymodal nociceptor networks; neither phenomenon yeilds readily to a "cognitive" interpretation.