Bomhard Ernst M
REACh ChemConsult GmbH, Strehlener Str. 14, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016 Jul;45:282-94. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.011. Epub 2016 Jun 10.
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a technologically important semiconductor. An increasing number of cases of severe lung effects (characterized by pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and/or interstitial fibrosis) in ITO-exposed workers warrants a review of the toxicological hazards. Short- and long-term inhalation studies in rats and mice revealed persistent alveolar proteinosis, inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs down to concentrations as low as 0.01mg/m(3). In rats, the incidences of bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas and carcinomas were significantly increased at all concentrations. In mice, ITO was not carcinogenic. A few bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas occurring after repeated intratracheal instillation of ITO to hamsters have to be interpreted as treatment-related. In vitro and in vivo studies on the formation of reactive oxygen species suggest epigenetic effects as cause of the lung tumor development. Repeated intratracheal instillation of ITO to hamsters slightly affected the male sexual organs, which might be interpreted as a secondary effect of the lung damage. Epidemiological and medical surveillance studies, serum/blood indium levels in workers as well as data on the exposure to airborne indium concentrations indicate a need for measures to reduce exposure at ITO workplaces.
氧化铟锡（ITO）是一种具有重要技术意义的半导体。越来越多接触ITO的工人出现严重肺部效应（以肺泡蛋白沉积症和/或间质性纤维化为特征）的案例，这使得有必要对其毒理学危害进行审查。对大鼠和小鼠进行的短期和长期吸入研究表明，肺部会出现持续性肺泡蛋白沉积症、炎症和纤维化，低至0.01mg/m³的浓度也会导致这些情况。在大鼠中，所有浓度下细支气管肺泡腺瘤和癌的发生率均显著增加。在小鼠中，ITO没有致癌性。对仓鼠反复进行气管内滴注ITO后出现的一些细支气管肺泡腺瘤必须解释为与治疗相关。关于活性氧形成的体外和体内研究表明，表观遗传效应是肺部肿瘤发展的原因。对仓鼠反复进行气管内滴注ITO会对雄性生殖器官产生轻微影响，这可能被解释为肺部损伤的继发效应。流行病学和医学监测研究、工人血清/血液中的铟水平以及空气中铟浓度暴露数据表明，需要采取措施减少ITO工作场所的暴露。
