Wainwright Peter C, Price Samantha A
*Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
*Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Integr Comp Biol. 2016 Sep;56(3):479-88. doi: 10.1093/icb/icw081. Epub 2016 Jul 3.
Innovations in organismal functional morphology are thought to be a major force in shaping evolutionary patterns, with the potential to drive adaptive radiation and influence the evolutionary prospects for lineages. But the evolutionary consequences of innovation are diverse and usually do not result in adaptive radiation. What factors shape the macroevolutionary impact of innovations? We assert that little is known in general about the macroevolutionary outcomes associated with functional innovations and we discuss a framework for studying biological innovations in an evolutionary context. Innovations are novel functional mechanisms that enhance organismal performance. The ubiquity of trade-offs in functional systems means that enhanced performance on one axis often occurs at the expense of performance on another axis, such that many innovations result in an exchange of performance capabilities, rather than an expansion. Innovations may open up new resources for exploitation but their consequences for functional and ecological diversification depend heavily on the adaptive landscape around these novel resources. As an example of a broader program that we imagine, we survey five feeding innovations in labrid fishes, an exceptionally successful and ecologically diverse group of reef fishes, and explore their impact on the rate of evolution of jaw functional morphology. All of the innovations provide performance enhancements and result in changes in patterns of resource use, but most are not associated with subsequent functional diversification or substantial ecological diversification. Because selection acts on a specific performance enhancement and not on the evolutionary potential of an innovation, the enhancement of diversity may be highly serendipitous. The macroevolutionary potential of innovations depends critically on the interaction between the performance enhancement and the ecological opportunity that is exposed.
机体功能形态学的创新被认为是塑造进化模式的一股主要力量，具有推动适应性辐射并影响谱系进化前景的潜力。但是创新的进化后果是多样的，通常不会导致适应性辐射。哪些因素塑造了创新的宏观进化影响？我们断言，一般而言，对于与功能创新相关的宏观进化结果知之甚少，并且我们讨论了一个在进化背景下研究生物创新的框架。创新是增强机体性能的新型功能机制。功能系统中权衡取舍的普遍性意味着，在一个轴向上性能的增强往往是以牺牲另一个轴向上的性能为代价的，以至于许多创新导致性能能力的交换，而非扩展。创新可能会开辟新的资源以供利用，但其对功能和生态多样化的影响在很大程度上取决于这些新资源周围的适应性景观。作为我们设想的一个更广泛项目的例子，我们考察了隆头鱼科鱼类的五种摄食创新，隆头鱼科是一类极其成功且生态多样的珊瑚礁鱼类，并探究了它们对颌骨功能形态进化速率的影响。所有这些创新都提升了性能，并导致资源利用模式的改变，但大多数与随后的功能多样化或实质性的生态多样化并无关联。由于选择作用于特定的性能提升，而非创新的进化潜力，多样性的增强可能极具偶然性。创新的宏观进化潜力关键取决于性能提升与所面临的生态机遇之间的相互作用。
