Treitler Julia T, Heim Olga, Tschapka Marco, Jung Kirsten
Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics University Ulm Ulm Germany; Present address: RG Ecology and Environmental Education Institute of Biology and Chemistry University of Hildesheim Hildesheim Germany.
Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics University Ulm Ulm Germany; Present address: Leibniz Institute for Zoo- and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin Germany.
Ecol Evol. 2016 May 27;6(13):4289-97. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2160. eCollection 2016 Jul.
Land-use intensification at local and landscape level poses a serious threat to biodiversity and affects species interactions and ecosystem function. It is thus important to understand how interrelated taxa respond to land-use intensification and to consider the importance of different spatial scales. We investigated whether and how local land-use intensity and landscape features affect the predator-prey interaction of bats and insects. Bats and nocturnal insects were assessed on 50 grassland sites in the Schorfheide-Chorin. We analyzed the effect of local land use and distance to forested areas as a proxy for site accessibility on bats and insects and their biological interaction measured in bat's feeding activity. Insect abundance increased with higher land-use intensity, while size and diversity of insects decreased. In contrast, bat activity, diversity, and species composition were determined by the distance to forested areas and only slightly by land-use intensity. Feeding attempts of bats increased with higher insect abundance and diversity but decreased with insect size and distance to forested areas. Finally, our results revealed that near forested areas, the number of feeding attempts was much lower on grassland sites with high, compared to those with low land-use intensity. In contrast, far from forests, the feeding attempts did not differ significantly between intensively and extensively managed grassland sites. We conclude that the two interrelated taxa, bats and insects, respond to land-use intensification on very different scales. While insects respond to local land use, bats are rather influenced by surrounding landscape matrix. Hereby, proximity to forests reveals to be a prerequisite for higher bat species diversity and a higher rate of feeding attempts within the area. However, proximity to forest is not sufficient to compensate local high land-use intensity. Thus, local land-use intensification in combination with a loss of forest remnants weakens the interaction of bats and insects.
地方和景观层面的土地利用集约化对生物多样性构成严重威胁，并影响物种间相互作用和生态系统功能。因此，了解相互关联的生物分类群如何应对土地利用集约化，并考虑不同空间尺度的重要性非常重要。我们调查了地方土地利用强度和景观特征是否以及如何影响蝙蝠与昆虫之间的捕食者 - 猎物相互作用。在绍尔夫海德 - 乔林的50个草地地点对蝙蝠和夜间活动的昆虫进行了评估。我们分析了地方土地利用以及与林区距离（作为场地可达性的指标）对蝙蝠和昆虫的影响，以及通过蝙蝠觅食活动衡量的它们之间的生物相互作用。昆虫数量随土地利用强度的增加而增加，而昆虫的大小和多样性则下降。相比之下，蝙蝠的活动、多样性和物种组成由与林区的距离决定，仅略微受土地利用强度的影响。蝙蝠的捕食尝试随着昆虫数量和多样性的增加而增加，但随着昆虫大小以及与林区距离的增加而减少。最后，我们的结果表明，在靠近林区的地方，与低土地利用强度的草地相比，高土地利用强度的草地的捕食尝试次数要低得多。相反，在远离森林的地方，集约化管理和粗放管理的草地之间的捕食尝试没有显著差异。我们得出结论，蝙蝠和昆虫这两个相互关联的生物分类群对土地利用集约化的响应尺度非常不同。昆虫对地方土地利用作出反应，而蝙蝠则更多地受周围景观基质的影响。因此，靠近森林是该区域内蝙蝠物种多样性更高和捕食尝试率更高的先决条件。然而，靠近森林不足以弥补地方高土地利用强度的影响。因此，地方土地利用集约化与森林残余地的丧失相结合会削弱蝙蝠与昆虫之间的相互作用。
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