Yoshizawa Kazunori, Lienhard Charles
Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.; Email:
Natural History Museum of the City of Geneva, CP 6434, CH-1211 Geneva 6, Switzerland; Email: unknown.
Zootaxa. 2016 Feb 11;4079(2):229-45. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.5.
The diversity of feeding apparatuses in insects far exceeds that observed in any other animal group. Consequently, tracking mouthpart innovation in insects is one of the keys toward understanding their diversification. In hemipteroid insects (clade Paraneoptera or Acercaria: lice, thrips, aphids, cicadas, bugs, etc.), the transition from chewing to piercing-and-sucking mouthparts is widely regarded as the turning point that enabled hyperdiversification of the Hemiptera, the fifth largest insect order. However, the transitional process from chewing to piercing-and-sucking in the Paraneoptera was hitherto completely unknown. In this paper, we report a well preserved mid Cretaceous amber fossil of the paraneopteran insect family Archipsyllidae and describe it as Mydiognathus eviohlhoffae gen. et sp. n. This species has elongate mandibles and styliform laciniae similar to Hemiptera but retains functional chewing mouthparts. A number of morphological characters place the Archipsyllidae as the sister group of the thrips plus hemipterans, which strongly suggests that the mouthparts of M. eviohlhoffae represent a transitional condition from primitive chewing to derived piercing-and-sucking mouthparts. The clade composed of Archipsyllidae, thrips, and hemipterans is here named Pancondylognatha, a new supra-ordinal taxon. Based on newly obtained information, we also assess the monophyly of the Paraneoptera, which was called into question by recent phylogenomic analyses. A phylogenetic analysis that includes Mydiognathus strongly supports the monophyly of the Paraneoptera.
昆虫取食器具的多样性远远超过在其他任何动物类群中所观察到的情况。因此，追踪昆虫口器的创新是理解其多样化的关键之一。在半翅类昆虫（副翅类或无翅亚纲分支：虱子、蓟马、蚜虫、蝉、蝽象等）中，从咀嚼式口器到刺吸式口器的转变被广泛认为是使半翅目（第五大昆虫目）实现超多样化的转折点。然而，副翅类昆虫从咀嚼式到刺吸式的过渡过程迄今完全未知。在本文中，我们报道了一种保存完好的中白垩世琥珀化石，该化石属于副翅类昆虫原蚤蝇科，并将其描述为埃维奥赫霍夫氏新颌蚤蝇属及新物种。该物种具有与半翅目昆虫相似的细长下颚和针状内颚叶，但仍保留着功能性的咀嚼式口器。许多形态特征表明原蚤蝇科是蓟马类和半翅目昆虫的姐妹群，这强烈表明埃维奥赫霍夫氏新颌蚤蝇的口器代表了从原始咀嚼式到特化刺吸式口器的过渡状态。由原蚤蝇科、蓟马类和半翅目昆虫组成的分支在这里被命名为泛髁颚类，这是一个新的超目分类单元。基于新获得的信息，我们还评估了副翅类的单系性，最近的系统发育基因组分析对其提出了质疑。一项包含新颌蚤蝇的系统发育分析有力地支持了副翅类的单系性。
