Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, 11490, Republic of China.
Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 10617, Republic of China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Oct;23(19):19897-910. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7207-y. Epub 2016 Jul 16.
Environmental bisphenol A (BPA) exposure has been linked to a variety of adverse health effects such as developmental and reproductive issues. However, establishing a clear association between BPA and the likelihood of human health is complex yet fundamentally uncertain. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential exposure risks from environmental BPA among Chinese population based on five human health outcomes, namely immune response, uterotrophic assay, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and behavior change. We addressed these health concerns by using a stochastic integrated risk assessment approach. The BPA dose-dependent likelihood of effects was reconstructed by a series of Hill models based on animal models or epidemiological data. We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that allows estimation of urinary BPA concentration from external exposures. Here we showed that the daily average exposure concentrations of BPA and urinary BPA estimates were consistent with the published data. We found that BPA exposures were less likely to pose significant risks for infants (0-1 year) and adults (male and female >20 years) with <10(-6)-fold increase in uterus weight and immune response outcomes, respectively. Moreover, our results indicated that there was 50 % risk probability that the response outcomes of CVD, diabetes, and behavior change with or without skin absorption would increase 10(-4)-10(-2)-fold. We conclude that our approach provides a powerful tool for tracking and managing human long-term BPA susceptibility in relation to multiple exposure pathways, and for informing the public of the negligible magnitude of environmental BPA pollution impacts on human health.
环境双酚 A（BPA）暴露与多种健康不良影响有关，如发育和生殖问题。然而，确定 BPA 与人类健康之间的明确关联是复杂的，而且从根本上不确定。本研究的目的是基于 5 个人类健康结果，即免疫反应、子宫增重试验、心血管疾病（CVD）、糖尿病和行为改变，评估中国人群中环境 BPA 的潜在暴露风险。我们通过使用随机综合风险评估方法来解决这些健康问题。根据动物模型或流行病学数据，我们使用一系列 Hill 模型重建了 BPA 剂量依赖性效应的可能性。我们开发了一种基于生理学的药代动力学（PBPK）模型，该模型允许从外部暴露估计尿液中 BPA 的浓度。在这里，我们表明 BPA 的日平均暴露浓度和尿液 BPA 估计值与已发表的数据一致。我们发现，对于婴儿（0-1 岁）和成人（男性和女性> 20 岁），BPA 暴露不太可能造成明显的风险，分别是子宫重量和免疫反应结果增加<10(-6)倍。此外，我们的结果表明，有 50%的风险概率，CVD、糖尿病和行为改变的反应结果会增加 10(-4)-10(-2)倍，无论是通过皮肤吸收还是不通过皮肤吸收。我们得出的结论是，我们的方法为跟踪和管理人类对多种暴露途径的长期 BPA 易感性提供了一个有力的工具，并为公众提供了关于环境 BPA 污染对人类健康的影响微不足道的信息。
