Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2016 Apr;14:87-93. doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.002. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
The study of parasitoid communities is an active and dynamic field. Most studies, however, are focused primarily on parasitic wasps, despite the thousands of other insect parasitoids distributed across many lineages. Although questions in parasitoid community ecology are much the same for different groups, answers to these questions may not be due to differing biological traits. The ecology of non-hymenopteran ('NH') parasitoid communities is poorly known, but recent work indicates that habitat and host traits have strong impacts on the size and composition of these parasitoid assemblages. Recent food-web analyses indicate that host ranges vary widely within and among taxa and associations are shaped by host ecology and defenses. Evidence is also accumulating for strong 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' multi-trophic interactions between NH-parasitoids and nonadjacent trophic levels, as well as trait-mediated indirect effects on communities. Recent technical and conceptual advances in characterizing and comparing food webs, consideration of phylogenetic history, and increasing anthropogenic impacts provide many new and stimulating areas of research on parasitoid communities.
寄生性昆虫群落的研究是一个活跃而充满活力的领域。然而，大多数研究主要集中在寄生性黄蜂上，尽管还有成千上万种其他昆虫寄生性昆虫分布在许多谱系中。尽管不同群体的寄生性昆虫群落生态学问题大致相同，但这些问题的答案可能并非由于不同的生物学特征所致。非膜翅目（'NH'）寄生性昆虫群落的生态学知之甚少，但最近的研究表明，生境和宿主特征对这些寄生性昆虫组合的大小和组成有强烈影响。最近的食物网分析表明，宿主范围在分类内和分类间差异很大，并且宿主生态和防御特征决定了它们的关联性。也有越来越多的证据表明，NH-寄生性昆虫与非相邻营养级之间存在强烈的“自上而下”和“自下而上”的多营养级相互作用，以及对群落的特质介导的间接影响。在描述和比较食物网、考虑系统发生历史以及增加人为影响方面的技术和概念上的最新进展，为寄生性昆虫群落的研究提供了许多新的和令人兴奋的领域。
