Templeton Thomas J, Martinsen Ellen, Kaewthamasorn Morakot, Kaneko Osamu
Department of Protozoology,Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University,1-12-4 Sakamoto,Nagasaki 852-8523,Japan.
Center for Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute,National Zoological Park,Washington,DC 20013-7012,USA.
Parasitology. 2016 Oct;143(12):1501-8. doi: 10.1017/S0031182016001141. Epub 2016 Jul 22.
Over a hundred years since their first description in 1913, the sparsely described malaria parasites (genus Plasmodium) of ungulates have been rediscovered using molecular typing techniques. In the span of weeks, three studies have appeared describing the genetic characterization and phylogenetic analyses of malaria parasites from African antelope (Cephalophus spp.) and goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), and North American white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Here we unify the contributions from those studies with the literature on pre-molecular characterizations of ungulate malaria parasites, which are largely based on surveys of Giemsa-reagent stained blood smears. We present a phylogenetic tree generated from all available ungulate malaria parasite sequence data, and show that parasites from African duiker antelope and goat, Asian water buffalo and New World white-tailed deer group together in a clade, which branches early in Plasmodium evolution. Anopheline mosquitoes appear to be the dominant, if not sole vectors for parasite transmission. We pose questions for future phylogenetic studies, and discuss topics that we hope will spur further molecular and cellular studies of ungulate malaria parasites.
自1913年首次被描述以来，已经过去了一百多年，如今利用分子分型技术重新发现了关于有蹄类动物中描述甚少的疟原虫（疟原虫属）。在短短几周内，出现了三项研究，描述了来自非洲羚羊（麂属）和山羊（野山羊）、亚洲水牛（水牛）以及北美白尾鹿（弗吉尼亚鹿）的疟原虫的遗传特征和系统发育分析。在这里，我们将这些研究的贡献与关于有蹄类动物疟原虫分子特征之前的文献进行整合，这些文献主要基于吉姆萨试剂染色血涂片的调查。我们展示了一个由所有可用的有蹄类动物疟原虫序列数据生成的系统发育树，并表明来自非洲麂羚和山羊、亚洲水牛以及新大陆白尾鹿的疟原虫聚集在一个进化枝中，该进化枝在疟原虫进化过程中较早分支。按蚊似乎是寄生虫传播的主要（如果不是唯一的）媒介。我们提出了未来系统发育研究的问题，并讨论了我们希望能推动对有蹄类动物疟原虫进行进一步分子和细胞研究的主题。
