Loudness Contour Can Influence Mandarin Tone Recognition: Vocoder Simulation and Cochlear Implants.

Lexical tone recognition with current cochlear implants (CI) remains unsatisfactory due to significantly degraded pitch-related acoustic cues, which dominate the tone recognition by normal-hearing (NH) listeners. Several secondary cues (e.g., amplitude contour, duration, and spectral envelope) that influence tone recognition in NH listeners and CI users have been studied. This work proposes a loudness contour manipulation algorithm, namely Loudness-Tone (L-Tone), to investigate the effects of loudness contour on Mandarin tone recognition and the effectiveness of using loudness cue to enhance tone recognition for CI users. With L-Tone, the intensity of sound samples is multiplied by gain values determined by instantaneous fundamental frequencies (F0s) and pre-defined gain- F0 mapping functions. Perceptual experiments were conducted with a four-channel noise-band vocoder simulation in NH listeners and with CI users. The results suggested that 1) loudness contour is a useful secondary cue for Mandarin tone recognition, especially when pitch cues are significantly degraded; 2) L-Tone can be used to improve Mandarin tone recognition in both simulated and actual CI-hearing without significant negative effect on vowel and consonant recognition. L-Tone is a promising algorithm for incorporation into real-time CI processing and off-line CI rehabilitation training software.