Vallejo-Ramos Mariana, Moreno-Calles Ana I, Casas Alejandro
Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 27-3 (Santa María Guido), Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, Mexico.
Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 27-3 (Santa María Guido), Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, Mexico.
J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2016 Jul 22;12(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s13002-016-0102-2.
Transformation of natural ecosystems into intensive agriculture is a main factor causing biodiversity loss worldwide. Agroforestry systems (AFS) may maintain biodiversity, ecosystem benefits and human wellbeing, they have therefore high potential for concealing production and conservation. However, promotion of intensive agriculture and disparagement of TEK endanger their permanence. A high diversity of AFS still exist in the world and their potentialities vary with the socio-ecological contexts. We analysed AFS in tropical, temperate, and arid environments, of the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico, to investigate how their capacity varies to conserve biodiversity and role of TEK influencing differences in those contexts. We hypothesized that biodiversity in AFS is related to that of forests types associated and the vigour of TEK and management. We conducted studies in a matrix of environments and human cultures in the Tehuacán Valley. In addition, we reviewed, systematized and compared information from other regions of Mexico and the world with comparable socio-ecological contexts in order to explore possible general patterns. Our study found from 26 % to nearly 90 % of wild plants species richness conserved in AFS, the decreasing proportion mainly associated to pressures for intensifying agricultural production and abandoning traditional techniques. Native species richness preserved in AFS is influenced by richness existing in the associated forests, but the main driver is how people preserve benefits of components and functions of ecosystems. Elements of modern agricultural production may coexist with traditional management patterns, but imposition of modern models may break possible balances. TEK influences decisions on what and how modern techniques may be advantageous for preserving biodiversity, ecosystem integrity in AFS and people's wellbeing. TEK, agroecology and other sciences may interact for maintaining and improving traditional AFS to increase biodiversity and ecosystem integrity while improving quality of life of people managing the AFS.
将自然生态系统转变为集约化农业是导致全球生物多样性丧失的主要因素。农林业系统（AFS）可以维持生物多样性、生态系统效益和人类福祉，因此在兼顾生产与保护方面具有很大潜力。然而，集约化农业的推广以及对传统生态知识（TEK）的贬低危及了它们的存续。世界上仍存在高度多样的农林业系统，其潜力因社会生态背景而异。我们分析了墨西哥特瓦坎谷热带、温带和干旱环境中的农林业系统，以研究它们在保护生物多样性方面的能力如何变化，以及传统生态知识在这些背景下影响差异的作用。我们假设农林业系统中的生物多样性与相关森林类型的生物多样性以及传统生态知识的活力和管理有关。我们在特瓦坎谷的一系列环境和人类文化中开展了研究。此外，我们回顾、整理并比较了来自墨西哥其他地区和世界上具有可比社会生态背景的信息，以探索可能的一般模式。我们的研究发现，农林业系统中保留了26%至近90%的野生植物物种丰富度，比例下降主要与强化农业生产的压力和传统技术的废弃有关。农林业系统中保留的本地物种丰富度受相关森林中现有丰富度的影响，但主要驱动因素是人们如何保护生态系统组成部分和功能的效益。现代农业生产要素可能与传统管理模式共存，但现代模式的强制推行可能打破可能的平衡。传统生态知识影响着关于现代技术在保护农林业系统生物多样性、生态系统完整性和人们福祉方面的优势所在及方式的决策。传统生态知识、农业生态学和其他科学可能相互作用，以维持和改善传统农林业系统，增加生物多样性和生态系统完整性，同时提高管理农林业系统的人们的生活质量。
